Ege assignment 23 in Russian. Algorithms for completing exam tasks in the Russian language
Means of communication of sentences in the text
(Among the sentences ... find one that is related to the previous one with ... Write the number of this sentence).
Action algorithm.
Mandatory reading of all sentences in which it is necessary to conduct a search - identification of formal indicators of the connection of sentences - determination of the presence of a connection between two sentences - recording the answer in numbers of only one sentence (one symbol should be in the cell).
FIPI analytical report: ... Low results of the assignment are recorded in cases where the means of communication - the pronoun - is “hidden” inside the next sentence, or the means of communication are contextual synonyms or antonyms ...
Means of communication. Lexical:
1) Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word
Around the city on the low hills are forests, mighty, untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.
2) single-root words
Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented, but he also knew very well another difference - the difference between himself and a more talented person. Respect for a more capable and experienced person is the first sign of talent. (V. Belov)
2) Synonyms. We saw an elk in the forest. Sukhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
contextual synonyms.
) Antonyms.
Nature has many friends. She has fewer enemies.
4) Descriptive phrases
They built a highway. A noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Grammar:
1) personal pronouns
1. And now I am listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove.2. The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. It is for her to live and manage on this earth, for her to decorate it. (L.Leonov).3. He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother. (A. Chekhov)
2) demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this)
1. A dark sky with bright, spiky stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. (V. Astafiev). 2. Corncrake screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever. (B.Zaitsev) - in the second text, means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun "these".
3) pronominal adverbs(there, so, then etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").
4) unions (mainly composing)
It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy soared into the sky with lights. (A. Alekseev). All with the same talk and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron ”(L.N. Tolstoy)
6) introductory words and constructions(in a word, so, firstly, etc.)
Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. In a word, the society was rather disgusting. (A. Pushkin).
7) unity of species tense forms of verbs- the use of the same forms of grammatical time, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the times
Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of the time praised Napoleon with fanatical subservience and joked about our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.
8) incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to the previous elements of the text:
Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes slices. Puts me too: huge, you cover your whole face (I. Shmelev)
9) syntactic parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)
Task 23 of the USE in the Russian language is represented by two types of formulations. One group of questions is related to the definition of the type of speech (explanation and practical work are presented below), the other group is related to the establishment of a semantic, logical connection between sentences. You did a similar job in task 2.
Task Formulation:
Which of the following statements are true? Specify numbers
1) Sentences 8-10 present the narrative.
2) Sentences 13, 14 contain elements of description.
3) Sentence 23 contains an indication of the reason for what is being said
in sentence 22.
4) Sentence 28 explains the content of sentence 27.
5) Sentences 45-47 contain a narrative.
Task 21 contains two types of formulations. To analyze the statement 1, 2, 5, you need to be able to determine the types of speech.
Narration- this is a coherent story about an event that takes place in time, about an action that develops sequentially. The narration can be translated into a series of visual images (see movie frames), words can be substituted for sentences: first - then - then - after that.
Description- the image of an object, person, phenomenon by listing its characteristic features. Description is one visual image (photo, painting). We meet with a description of a person (portrait), dwelling (interior), nature (landscape). Even if the picture depicts actions, the “frames” do not change before your eyes, which means that you are dealing with a description. (For example, Aivazovsky's paintings are filled with movement, but when you describe what you see, you use a type of speech called description.)
reasoning has traditionally been problematic. The fact is that at school we are used to dealing with the classical type of reasoning: thesis - evidence - conclusion. Yes, the reasoning is built in this way, and you will build your exam essay in the same way. But in this task, you are asked to analyze a small piece of text. This may be only a small part of the argument, you will not find the thesis here, you will not see the conclusion. Before you is the author's thought, his reflection, reflection. You will not be able to create a visual image of a fragment, but you will be able to formulate a theme: what the author thinks about, what he thinks about, what he says.
Let's do this part of the task:
(8) Maybe that's why Berg did not succeed in landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.
(13) August was hot and calm. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water.
Extracted in this way from the context, the sentences are not related in meaning. As you read sentence 14, you visualize a deep lake of black water, while sentence 13 also allows your imagination to paint a picture of a hot, windless August. Not representing a single descriptions, the fragment contains its elements.
(45) Returning to the city, Berg found a notice about the exhibition. (46) He was asked to tell how many of his things he would exhibit. (47) Berg sat down at the table and quickly wrote: “I am exhibiting only one sketch in watercolor, made by me this summer, my first landscape.”
Before us is a chain of actions that unfold in time. The fragment can be presented as a movie: Berg returned to the city - found a notice - sat down at the table - wrote. This narration.
Second group task wording tests your ability to see semantic connections between parts of the statement. Remember: performing task 1, you have already established these semantic, logical connections.
Let us recall what questions can clarify this connection:
Condition (under what condition?)
Purpose (for what? for what purpose?)
Reason (why? for what reason?)
Consequence, conclusion (so, therefore)
Explanatory relations (i.e., viz.)
Explanation (what explains it?)
Contrasting (on the contrary, but, a)
Argument (first, second)
Concessions (although despite the fact that)
Let's do this part of the task:
(22) At sunset, flocks of cranes flew over the lake to the south with a cooing. We ask the question: Why? For what reason?
Because (23) Berg for the first time felt a stupid resentment: the cranes seemed to him traitors.
As you can see, the sentences have lost their logical connection; sentence 23 does not contain an indication of the reason.
(27) Berg got angry.
Ask a question : How can this be explained?
(28) How could you leave in the midst of this extraordinary autumn?
The answer is correct: sentence 28 explains why Berg got angry.
Task 23 devoted to the means of communication of sentences in the text. To complete this task, you need to realize that the text is not a collection of random sentences. Its integrity is not only semantic. It is expressed by linguistic means of different levels.
For this purpose serve unions, repetitions of syntactic constructions(syntactic means), repeats, introductory words(lexical means), pronouns, repetitions of morphological forms(morphological agent), etc.
If the task required finding the entire list of various means in the text, it could be considered difficult. But, fortunately, in task 23, the means of communication are named in the wording of the task, and the task is reduced only to finding a sentence that contains conjunctions, pronouns, lexical repetitions, contextual synonyms, introductory words, etc.
For self-testing, I advise you to repeat and know by heart, like a multiplication table or a poem, the classification of pronouns by category (with examples). The fact is that there are KIMs that include various pronouns indicating which ones you need to find. Examples of task formulations:
- Among sentences 1-3, find one that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and lexical repetition.
- Among sentences 1-3, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun.
- Among sentences 1-3, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a possessive pronoun.
- Among sentences 5-10, find one that is related to the previous ones with a definitive pronoun.
Pronoun ranks by meaning
- Personal :
I , you , he , she , it , we , you , they .
- returnable : myself .
- Possessive :
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and mine .
- Indicative: this, that, such, such, so much ,
and also obsolete: such (sort of), this, this .
- Determinative: all, everyone, each, any, other, different, most, himself , and also obsolete: every, every .
- Interrogative :
.
- relative : who , what , which , which , which , whose , how much .
- Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relatives with the help of prefixes not, something, and suffixes - something, - either, - anything: someone, something, several, someone, something, someone, something, what something, a little, etc. under.
- Negative: nobody, no one, nothing, nothing, none, no one .
1) an interrogative word in interrogative sentences;
2) an allied word that connects parts of complex sentences in a complex sentence.
Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but identical in form, that is, homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:
Interrogative
- relative
In contact with
Classmates
Handbook for preparing for the exam
- Task 22. Lexical meaning of the word. Synonyms. Antonyms. Homonyms. Phraseological turns. Groups of words by origin and use
Synonyms. Antonyms. Homonyms. Phraseological turns. Groups of words by origin and use
Task 23 USE in the Russian language 2018, theory
To complete task 23, you need to know the following definitions:
Direct / figurative meaning of the word (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche)
Synonyms (contextual synonym)
Antonyms (contextual antonym)
Homonyms
Phraseologisms
Borrowed words
Passive vocabulary (historicisms, archaisms, neologisms)
Vocabulary limited in use (professionalisms, vernacular vocabulary, jargon, dialectisms)
Stylistically neutral, bookish, colloquial vocabulary
Changes in the USE 2017-2018
This year it is necessary to find one of the words (terms) in a certain meaning. Changes made in 2017 remain in 2018.
This is what task 23 looks like in the demo version on the official FIPI website: From sentences 33-44, write out a word with the meaning: "Imbued with elation, with a passionate desire to give significance to something that does not have significance."
If, for example, the task specifies: "From sentences 1-10, write out a phraseological unit with the meaning: "...." - perhaps among these sentences there will be several phraseological units, among which you need to choose exactly the one whose meaning is indicated in the task.
Lexical meaning of the word
This is the historically fixed "content" of the word. Words may have:
direct meaning- the original, original meaning of the word.
Figurative meaning- a secondary value arising from the first. (He hung the picture on the wall. The word hung has a direct meaning. - A lot of work was hung on him. “Hung” is used figuratively).
Transfer by any similarity (color, shape, function) is called a metaphor. (The eyeball is a similarity in shape; he failed the exam and now has a tail - a similarity based on function).
The transfer of a name from one object to another based on the contiguity of these objects is called metonymy. (Gold on the finger, crystal on the shelves, Pushkin in the bag, ate the plate).
Synecdoche is one of the varieties of metonymy. Synecdoche is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part or vice versa. (Hey hat, where are you going? Extra mouth in the family).
Synonyms
These are words that usually belong to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but the same in meaning. (Way - road, think - meditate)
Contextual synonyms- words that have a similar meaning only within the proposed text. Out of context, these words are not synonymous. (Contextual synonyms of the verb speak. Maria Kirillovna strewed about relatives, he was silent. Nobody believed my grandfather. Even angry old women shamkali that devils never had beaks (Paust.))
Antonyms
These are words that usually belong to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but the same in meaning.
(White-black, speak-silent, good-evil)
Contextual antonyms- words that are in antonymous relations only in a certain context. They can have different grammatical forms and refer to different parts of speech. (I'm stupid and you're smart alive, and I dumbfounded(M. Tsvetaeva))
Homonyms
These are words that have the same sound and spelling, but different meanings. They do not always belong to the same part of speech.
Homonyms are complete And partial.
Full homonyms are words of one part of speech, in which all grammatical forms coincide. For example: a key (with which we open the door) and a key (source of water).
Partial homonyms- these are words in which not all grammatical forms are the same.
Phraseologisms
These are stable, indivisible, non-free phrases that are stored in memory and are always used together in one specific meaning. As a rule, the meaning of phraseological units does not lie on the surface. Phraseology is not the sum of the meanings of words, but one meaning for several words combined into a phrase.
Borrowed words
These are words that came into Russian from other languages. Not a single language, except for the languages of isolated peoples who have no contact with other peoples.
Examples: mathematics (from Greek), pearls (from Turkic languages), herring (from Scandinavian languages), tie (from German), sailor (from Dutch), football (from English), broth (from French), sonata (from Italian) ), guitar (from Spanish), dumplings (from Finnish), farm (from Hungarian).
Passive Vocabulary
(outdated or not yet well known)
historicisms- obsolete words that have fallen into disuse due to the disappearance of the realities of reality that they denoted. (Example: steward, boyar, etc.)
Archaisms- obsolete words replaced by modern synonyms. (Lanits - cheeks, hand-palm)
Neologisms- these are new words that have appeared recently in connection with the emergence of new realities. (At one time, these were such words as Komsomol, pioneer.)
Limited vocabulary
Dialectisms are words used only in certain territories. Examples: jona instead of wife, veksha - squirrel (northern dialect).
Professionalisms- words that are used in oral speech in various professional environments. For example: teapot - programmers have a person who is poorly versed in computers, a beginner.
Jargon- words that I use in my speech certain social strata of the population. Examples: lawlessness (criminal slang) cool (youth)
Slang- often understood as "youth".
Argo- a dialect created by a group for the purpose of isolation (originally meant the thieves' language)
colloquial vocabulary- words with a stylistically reduced, rude, vulgar connotation. These words include swear words. For example, "whistle" - in the meaning of "steal", "mug, muzzle" - in the meaning of "face", etc.
Stylistically neutral, bookish, colloquial vocabulary
Neutral vocabulary- used in any situation (good, society, draw).
Book vocabulary- used mainly in writing (praising, association, painting).
colloquial vocabulary- used in casual conversation (ruin, reserve, hard worker).
Algorithm for completing USE tasks
In Russian.
Part 1.
Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?
Task execution algorithm:
Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Read the text carefully.
2. By successively selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in the gap.
Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) in the sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
Task execution algorithm:
if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;
if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.
read the task carefully;
find the specified offer;
include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis;
listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;
determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:
Task 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.
Remember: the mobility of Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task.
agent, Augustow, agency, agony, acropolis, alcohol, alphabet, anApest, anAtom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, arrest, aristocracy, argument, asymmetry, astronom, Atlas (collection of geographical maps), atlas (fabric), bourgeois Iya, being,
bureaucracy, airports
scam, crimson, ballot, pamper, pampered, pampered, bow (banta, bows)
bartender, unrestrained, birch bark and birch bark, gas pipeline, blagovest, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (securing something for someone), armor (protective sheathing), bakery, bourgeoisie, sandwich, being, bureaucracy
gross, cook (cook, cook, boil, cook), watchman, willow, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgodonsky, wolf (wolf, wolves, wolves), thief (thieves, thieves, thieves, about thieves), magic, invest, concave, arouse, exorbitantly
gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier, pear
cousin, girlish, democracy, department, despot, hyphen, action, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, white, extraction, dogma, contract, contractual, naked, red, document, report, naked, dosinya, leisure, associate professor, daughter, dram aturgy, drowsiness, confessor,
heretic,
blinds, vent, life,
book, (secure something for someone), book (cover with armor), enviably, bent, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), bent, long, frosty, busy (man), busy (by someone ), clog, clogged, mold, seal, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, sign, significance, sorcery, jagged
scoop, scoop, cleaner,
chassis, seamstress, shake, syringes, sorrel, crushed stone, wood chips, wood chips,
excursion, expert, export, equipped, express, epilogue, pullover
yurOdivy
religion, exhaust,
flounder, catalog, rubber, cough, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, whooping cough, college, colossus, compass, complex, self-interest, more beautiful, nettle, flint, cooking, kitchen, chump, chunk, LO mouth, flap (waste, remnants), flap (a piece of cloth),
alluring, masterful, medicines, briefly, manager, metallurgy, meager (allowed - meager), youth, milkman, monologue, ordeal,
naked, naked (cut off), naked (hold checkers), bent over, for a long time, intention, heel, backhand, start, started, arrears, illness, obituary, hatred, unpretentious, oil pipeline, newborn,
provision, facilitate, sharpen, Embraced, embraced, facilitate, encourage, borrow, embittered, wholesale, inform, point, uncork, Adolescence, in part, paralysis,
partner, plowing, first-born, mold, pizzeria, offer, fable, understood, understood, understood, raised, noon, briefcase, pedestal, funeral, at a funeral, plateau, anticipate, undertaken, fail, award, award, sentence p, dowry
knowledgeable, beet, silo, orphan, orphans, plum case, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statue, status, statute, shorthand, carpenter, vessel, bent,
customs, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoe,
decoration, speed up, deepen, Coal, Ukrainian, improve, deceased, mentioned, mention, strengthening, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, extravaganza, phenomenon, fetish, fluorography, flyleaf, form,
chaos, characteristic (typical), characteristic (actor), intercessor, intercession, intercession, well-groomed (adj.), well-groomed (adj.), Christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsies,
Task 5. In one of the sentences below WRONG highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. Task execution algorithm:
read all offers carefully;
determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronymic words by selecting synonyms and antonyms or taking into account what words each of them can be combined with;
indicate the correct answer.
Addressee - addressee. Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - a person or organization sending a postal item (sender).
anecdotal - anecdotal. Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (an anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).
archaic - archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - obsolete, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).
weekday - everyday. Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).
Breathe in - breathe in. Inhale - take in, draw in air (inhale oxygen), inspire something (inhale courage); sigh - let out a sigh (breathe with relief); rest a little (let me breathe); to grieve, be sad (sigh for children).
Educational - educational. Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the teacher (educational room).
Everyone - everyone. Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most diverse (all kinds of searches).
Elective - selective. Elected - related to elections, elected by voting (elected position); selective - partial (selective check)
Harmonic - harmonious. Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - slender, coordinated (harmonious personality).
main - capital. Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).
Engine - mover. Engine - a machine that sets in motion, power (electric motor); mover - what sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated.).
Democratic - democratic. Democratic - pertaining to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of democracy, democrat (democratic act).
Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, movement (dynamic theory); dynamic - possessing great internal energy (dynamic pace).
Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).
Long - long. Long - having a great length (long report); long - long-term (long vacation, long period).
Voluntary - voluntary. Voluntary - performed without coercion (voluntary labor); volunteer - relating to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).
dramatic - dramatic. Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (dramatic circle).
friendly - friendly. Friendly - relating to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).
pitiful - pitiful. Pitiful - expressing sorrow, longing, suffering; plaintive, sad (pitiful voice); compassionate - prone to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).
Spare - thrifty. Spare - available as a spare (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).
Evil - malicious. Evil - filled with a sense of enmity (an evil person); malicious - having a bad purpose, deliberate (malicious non-payer).
Executive - performing. Executive - diligent, having as its goal the implementation of something (executive worker); performing - relating to the performer (performing skills).
seconded - business trip. Seconded - a person who is on a business trip (a seconded specialist); business trip - relating to a business traveler (travel expenses).
Comic - comical. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comical - funny (comical look).
Critical - critical. Critical - related to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).
logical - logical. Logical - related to logic (logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).
methodical - methodical. Methodical - related to methodology (methodological conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).
Hateful - hateful. Hateful - imbued with hatred (hateful acts); hateful - causing hatred (hated enemy).
intolerable - intolerable. Unbearable - one that cannot be endured (unbearable cold); intolerant - unacceptable (intolerant attitude).
to dine - to dine. To become poorer - to become poor (to become poorer as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).
dangerous - fearful. Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).
typo - unsubscribe. A typo - an accidental mistake in writing (an annoying typo); unsubscribing - an answer that does not affect the merits of the case (impudent unsubscribing).
Learn - learn. To master - to learn how to use something, to include it in the circle of one's activities (to master the release of new products); to assimilate - to make habitual; understand, memorize
Organic - organic. Organic - relating to the plant or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).
Condemnation - discussion. Condemnation - an expression of disapproval, sentencing (condemnation of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);
Responsible - responsible. Reciprocal - being the answer (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible employee).
Reporting - distinct. Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - well distinguishable (distinct sound).
Political - political. Political - related to politics (politician); political - acting diplomatically, cautiously (political hint).
Understandable - understandable. Understanding - quickly understanding (understanding person); understandable - clear (clear reason).
Representative - representative. Representative - making a favorable impression (representative appearance); representative - elected (representative body); relating to representation, representative (representation expenses).
Presentation - provision. Submission - presentation for familiarization, nomination for promotion (representation of a characteristic); provision - the allocation of something at someone's disposal (granting a loan).
conspicuous - conspicuous. Perceptive - able to notice (perceptive critic); noticeable - noticeable (noticeable displeasure).
Realistic - realistic. Realistic - next to realism (realistic painting); realistic - corresponding to reality, quite practical (realistic goal).
Hidden - secretive. Hidden - secret, invisible (hidden threat); secretive - unrevealed (secret person).
Tactical - tactical. Tactful - possessing tact (a tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).
Technical - technical. Technical - relating to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).
Lucky - lucky. Lucky - happy; one who is lucky (lucky explorer); successful - successful (good day).
Actual - actual. Actual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (actual report).
Master's - economic. Master - relating to the owner; such as a good owner (owner's interest); economic - busy with the economy, associated with the economy (economic issues).
Explicit - obvious. Explicit - obvious, undisguised (clear superiority); clear - distinct, well distinguishable (clear whisper).
Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
Find mistakes in education and usage
case forms of numerals;
numerals one and a half, one and a half;
collective numerals, including numerals both, both;
comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;
nominative and genitive plural of some nouns;
imperative forms of some verbs.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Determine which part of speech the given word belongs to.
2. If this name is a numeral, remember that
in complex quantitative names of numerals both parts are inclined;
Cases
From 50 - 80
200, 300, 400
From 500 - 900
fifty
heels And ten And
heels And ten And
fifty
five Yu ten Yu
oh heel And ten And
two hundred
dv wow honeycomb
dv mind st am
two hundred
dv knowing st ami
about dv wow st Oh
five hundred
heels And honeycomb
heels And st am
five hundred
five Yu st ami
oh heel And st Oh
when declining compound ordinal numbers, only the last word;
numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both- female;
Cases
M., cf. genus
G. genus
both
both
both
both
both
about both
both
both
both
both
both
about both
collective nouns ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting males, names of animal babies, paired objects, or having only the plural form.
3. If this name is an adjective, check if the forms of degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Comparative
excellent
simple
composite
simple
composite
beautiful´v- her(s)
less- she
deep e
more Beautiful
less Beautiful
beautiful´v- ash- uy
great- aish- uy
nai most difficult
most Beautiful
most Beautiful
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
comparative
excellent
simple
composite
composite
-her(s)- it hurts - it hurts her, ill to her
-e - easy - easy e-she- thin - thin e
adverb + more (less) more thin
less Interesting
comparative degree + pronoun all, everything:
did the best (of all)
4. If this is a verb, pay attention to the correct formation
imperative mood forms;
forms of the past tense used without a suffix are -NU-.
(There is - well - in the verb - error - correct answer)
5. If this is a noun, make sure the formation is correct
nominative plural forms;
genitive plural forms.
NOMINATIVE PLURAL
m. kind
With the end - and I(emphasis on ending)
With the end - s, -i ( accent based)
dual number influence)
Addresses, shores, centuries, fans, director, doctor, gutter, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, vacation, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, stack, paramedic, outbuilding, barn, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.
sentences, mines,
editors, snipers, tractors, cakes, fronts, drivers.
volumes
locksmiths bakers
1. Animated foreign nouns. on
-torus, -sor stylistically neutral: directors
1. Animated foreign nouns. on -er,
-er:engineers
2. Inanimate. foreign words in
-torus, -sor:processors
3. Animated foreign nouns. on
-tor with a book touch: editors.
Remember: oil - pl. hours - oil A
cream - pl. – cream s(not cream A)
male
feminine
average
banknotes
giraffe
hall
corrective
piano
only
tulle
shampoo
sandal, boot
cuff, callus
sneaker
reserved seat
gravy (with gravy)
slipper
shoe (no shoes)
surname
bast
tentacle
Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
1. Look for mistakes in sentences:
1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the union I. Ask a question from the verb to the homogeneous members of the sentence. The question should be the same, if not, then an error !!! This will be the correct answer. (I see??? (a member of the sentence is missing) and I'm proud nature? I see what?, I'm proud of what?)
2) with participle turnovers; (look at the end of the sacrament, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)
3) with proper names enclosed in quotation marks and being the name of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;
4) with derivative prepositions thanks to, in spite of, in spite of and non-derivative preposition By used in turns of speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;
5) with double alliances not only but; like…and;
6) using quotes;
7) beginning with the words: everyone who…; those who…; none of those who...
Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:
1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with an alternating vowel in the root ( gar - mountains, zar - zor, clan - clone, creature - creation, lag - lie, bir - ber, feast - lane, dir - der, tir - ter, world - mer, blist - shine, stil - stel, jig - burned, chit - even, kas -kos, rast - rosch - grew, jump - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).
2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words in which an unstressed vowel requires memorization;
3) if you found a dictionary word, you can cross it out, as it will not be the correct answer;
4) if by the way you managed to pick up a test in which an obscure vowel sound was stressed and is clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.
Task 9. Identify the sequence in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.
You need to know the following spelling rules:
spelling of prefixes on -З and -С;
spelling of prefixes PRE and PRI;
PRE -
AT -
To stay (=trans-)
arrive (approach)
despise (hate)
To despise (to give someone shelter)
Betray (= re-)
to give (to add, to change something, to add)
bow down, bow down (= re-)
bow down (approach)
transform (implement)
Pretend (incomplete action)
Transient (= re-)
Incoming (approach)
endure (endure)
get used to (get used to)
Successor (= re-, adopt)
Receiver (radio)
Resign (die)
Attach (put close)
Vicissitudes (reversals in fate)
gatekeeper - gatekeeper
Immutable (immutable, indestructible)
attach (attach)
Prerequisite (mandatory)
Unacceptable conditions (impossible)
Limit (border)
Aisle (extension in the church)
Downplayed (very)
Reduced (slightly)
Remember:
PRE-
AT-
preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, seduce, do not fail, premiere, neglect, preparation, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, pretender, preference
private, fastidious, privilege, contingency, comely, picky, adventure, prima donna, primate, primitive, priority, deplorable, swear, claim, embellish, unpretentious, whimsical
Prefixes on -З and -С:
spelling depends on the subsequent consonant
before voiced consonants - s appeal, rootless
before voiceless consonants
bake, careless, silent
Task 10. Write out the word in which the letter E / I / is written at the place of the gap
Task execution algorithm:
1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.
2) If the vowel is omitted at the end, then use the indefinite form of the verb to establish its conjugation:
in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation, vowels E, U are written;
in the personal endings of the verbs of the second conjugation, vowels I, A (I) are written.
3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:
missing vowel in participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, box, im, eat (om).
missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn .
4) Spelling of participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:
in participles formed from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written ush, yusch, em (om) ;
in participles formed from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written ash, box, im.
5) Vowel spelling before suffixes participles vsh and nn depends from that to at - yat or it - et the indefinite form of the original verb ends:
yat or yat , then before nn in passive past participles, the vowel is preserved and I);
if the original verb ends in eat or eat , then before nn only written e ;
before suffix vsh retains the same vowel , as before the end be in an indefinite form.
HINT: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (THEY do what? THEY do what?) ending -ut-yut - verb 1 conjugation - in endings you should write a letter E,
Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter AND.
Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap
Need to know the spelling of suffixes
nouns ( ets, itz; ink, enk; out, in; ichk, echk; ik, ek );
adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );
verbs ( willow, willow; eva, ova; And, E before the stressed suffix wa) .
Task execution algorithm:
1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.
2) Apply the desired rule.
adjective
-ev- unstressed: glue ev oh, enamel ev th
-iv- percussion: linen willows th
Exception: kindly willows oh, fool willows th
-chiv-:infusion chiv th
-living-: talent Liv th
verb
-ova- (-eva-)
hang up
I'm hanging
Yva- (-iva-)
annoy
I'm annoyed
TABLE OF DEFINITIONS
VERB ENDINGS AND PARTICIPLE SUFFIXES
Verb endings
Suffixes are valid. participles
Suffixes suffer. participles
I conjugation
rest
-eatwriteeat
-eatwriteeat
-etwriteee
-utwriteut
-utthoughtut
-usch-writeyi uy
-yusch-thoughtYusch uy
-om-carriedohm th
-eat-blowing eatth
II conjugation
N.F. on - And be
-themstrictthem
-ishstrictish
-itestrictite
-atstrictyat
-yatstorageyat
-ash-breatheash uy
-box-storagecrate uy
-them-storagethem th
Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT with the nightingale is written ONE. (SEPARATE). Open the brackets and write out this word.
)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:
Not with nouns, adjectives, adverbs in O, E
NOT with nouns, quality adjectives, adverbs in -O and -E;
NOT with verbs and gerunds;
NOT with participles.
together
apart
1. Not used without NOT:
ignoramus
fables
careless
ridiculous
1. If there is opposition with unionA Not true but false
Not happy but sad
Not close but far
adverb not in O-E: did not enter like a friend
2. If the word with the prefix NOT can find a synonym without NOT
Foe (enemy)
Misfortune (grief)
Enemy (enemy)
unhappy (sad)
Close (far)
2. If at the word with NOT there are words far, at all, not at all, not at all, by no means
Far from pretty
Not a friend at all
Nothing interesting
Not at all sweet
3.Remember:
small
slave
confusion
imperfections
undergrowth
dunno
klutz
3.Remember:
not in measure, not as an example, not for good, not for haste, not to taste, not within the power, not according to the gut, not from the hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, for nothing
not about anything, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny and so on.
not one (no one) - not one (many), never (never) - not once (often) .
2.Not with verbs and gerunds
together
apart
1. Not used without NOT:
resent (indignant)
rage (rage)
unwell
dislike
hate
1.Always separate
Was not
Not catching up
Not knowing
2. With the prefix under-
UNDER-= below normal, not 100% be in insufficient quantity
there is an antonym with re- (=excess)
undersalt the soup (oversalt the soup)
the result is unsatisfactory
missing = not enough
You lack patience.
^ I always lack money.
2. With prefixes not + to
done not to end
do not watch the movie, do not take home
She did not finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
does not reach = does not reach
The rope is missing before gender.
Before poplar is missing the fifth floor
3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.
together
apart
1. not used without NOT:
n units mindful (adj., not packing without NOT)
2. NO opposition with union A and
dependent words: n no sown field (no a, AP)
1. with brief participles: not_ closed
2. IS opposition with union a:
unfinished, A started meeting
3. IS dependent words:
unsown during field, not yet plowed field
4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNS
together
apart
There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one
THERE IS A SUGGESTION
With no one, with no one
Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written CLEARLY (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write out these two words.
Task execution algorithm:
1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.
2) Determine which part of speech the underlined word belongs to.
Unions so that, also, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, because are written together ; they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech.
Words of other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound whatever, the same likewise, for that, for that, for that , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (well, would) can either be removed from the proposal, or rearranged to another place; other component (that, that, than, yes, that) replace with other words.
Derivative prepositions are written together: DUE TO = due to, IN VIEW = due to, ABOUT = about, TOGETHER = to, DESPITE = contrary to.
Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN DIFFERENCE, IN CONCLUSION, DURING.
For continuous, hyphenated or separate spelling of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.
Derived prepositions
Nouns with prepositions
during
There was no news V flow of the year.
How long?
(time value)
during (what?) rivers
See V continue (what?) series.
IN(fast) currents rivers
See V(soon) continued series
in continuation
She said in continuation hours.
Finally articles
At the end, in the end
Sat V conclusionI.
Sat V(debt) conclusionI.
in contrast from others
(used with from)
Difference V differences life.
Difference V(strong) differences life.
due to= due to
He did not come due to illness.
Remember: later I - adverb
as a consequence
intervened as a consequence in the case of theft.
intervened V(new) consequence in the case of theft.
like= like
vessel like flasks
Error V kind noun.
about= about, about
Reach an agreement about excursions.
Put on check in the bank.
Put on(mine) check.
towards= to
Go towards friend.
go to a meeting with friends.
go on(long awaited) meeting.
due to= due to
In view of We didn't go to the cinema when it rained.
I meant Tomorrow. (stable expression).
as cones
in mind cities
(cone view, city view)
adverbs
Nouns with prepositions
climb up (refer to the verb)
climb to the top mountains
on(most) top mountains
shoes me fit
at the right time flowering -
V ( spring) time flowering
Derived prepositions
Participles with negation
Despite rain, went out of town
(Although it was raining).
Regardless of bad weather, we went camping.
(in spite of what?)
Despite father, he got up from the table.
Regardless of me, he left the room.
(=not looking)
Task 14. Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH (H) is written
determine what part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;
apply the spelling rule Н and НН in the suffix of this part of speech.
Noun:
HH
H
1. If the root of the word ends in H, and the suffix begins with H:
malinn ik(Mali n A)
2.If noun. formed from an adjective with HH, or from a participle:
diseasesenn awn(diseases enn th)
pampered(spoiled)
3. Remember: besprida nn itza
1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-
peatyang ik(from noun peat)
2. In words formed from adj. with one H: studyn ik(from adj. study n th), martyr, worker
3. In words:
gaff yang itza (bagr yang th), cannabis yang ir(cannabis yang th)
var en ik (var yon th), smoked yon awn (kopch yon th)
cost yang ika (cost yang oh) wise yon awn (wise yon th)
oil en itza (oil en th), oats yang itza (oats yang th)
gost in itza (guest in th), firewood yang ik (firewood yang Ouch)
smart yon awn (meaning n th), great en itza
Adjective:
HH
H
1. n. -H+ -H-: karmann th
2. -ONN-, -ENN-: commissionion th, cranberriesenn th,
! without wind nn th
3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASSHH YY, TINHH YY, WOODHH YY
YU nn And you ( young s nat Uralists)
1. -IN-: goose in th
2. exception WINDH YY(day, person)
3. -AN- (-YAN-): leatheren th
Remember: Yu n th;
gaff yang oh, rum yang oh, r yang oh, pi yang oh, right n yy (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n oy, svy n oh si n oh, green n oh, go n oh, core n th.
In short adjectives, the same number of n is written as in full adjectives.
Tuma nn aya distance - the distance of the fog nn A
wind n th girl - girl in the wind n A
Participles:
Н - НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES
HH
H
1. There is a prefix: about seeded flour
(except for attachment Not-)
But: no problem her nn oh flour
1. There is a prefix Not-: Not sowing n oh flour
2. No ¬, but there is AP: soya nn and I through a sieve flour
2. No ¬: sowing n oh flour
3. have a suffix -ova-/-eva-:
marin ovann th cucumbers
3. Exceptions: kova n oh, chew n oh, cool n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)
4. Formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb:
Reshe nn task (to solve - what With do?)
But: from wound nn th , wound nn th in leg fighter
! Being woundnn th, the soldier remained in the ranks.
Women immediately hung washingnn oh.(Suffering. adverb, since they retain the verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless
4. Exception: wound n oh, windy
5. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles : name nn oh play, end nn th work.
5. When the participle turns into an adjective, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: a smart child, an uninvited guest, a named brother, an imprisoned father, a dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a dead man.
Exceptions: covetous, desirable,
unheard, unseen, sacred,
unexpected, unexpected, inadvertent, done, slow, awake, swaggering, chased
6. Spelling does not change as part of compound words: golden n oh, scrap n th-fracture n th, Word everything in general has adjective meaning(high quality), not the value of "adj. + communion.
7. Brief participles: a spoiled girl n A
SHOULD BE DISTINCTIVE
short adjective
Brief Communion
Girl brought up nna (sama - short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: educated I.
Girl brought up n and in the orphanage (by whom?) - a short adverb .. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.
Adverb
Short neuter participle
Ch. adv.
He answered deliberately(how? in what way?).
Thoughtfully - a circumstance.
noun cr. moreover
Case thoughtful (how?) from all sides.
Considered - predicate.
Task 15. Set up punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of sentences in which you need to put one comma.
Execution algorithm:
1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.
2. Determine which unions connect them:
if it is a single connecting or dividing conjunction ( and, or, either, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not put ;
if it is a double union ( as ..., and; not so much ... as; not only but; though... but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double union ;
if this repeated alliances , That a comma is placed only in front of those who are between homogeneous members ;
before opposing alliances between homogeneous members always put a comma .
3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are combined in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!
Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Remember:
participial answers the questions Which? which? which? which? ;
gerund answers the questions having done what? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - a predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions How? When? Why?
punctuation in participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;
the adverbial turnover is always distinguished in writing by commas;
homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participial phrases and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.
Task execution algorithm:
1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.
2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies (DO- does not stand out with commas !!! AFTER the word being defined - stands out !!!).
3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the union AND, expressed by participial or adverbial phrases. A comma is not put before the union And.
4).Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of the turnover, this provocation!!! Eliminate them!!!Use the trick to eliminate the highlighted turnover.
Task 17.
Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of the syntactic construction. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.
Task execution algorithm:
1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.
Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.
Homonymous with the introductory words, the members of the sentence cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.
Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the end, it seems to be, hardly, anyway, after all, even, exactly, sometimes, as it were, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, probably, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, let, decisively, nevertheless, only, supposedly.
Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
Execution algorithm:
1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.
2. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.
3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.
Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with adjectives , in them conjunction word which is not at the beginning of the subordinate part, but in the middle her, therefore A comma is not placed before the allied word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word "which"
4. Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.
Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.
To complete the task, use the algorithm:
1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.
2. Define the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic construction.
3. See how these parts are connected.
4. Find out if the offer contains Union And , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:
If homogeneous members , then there is a comma before it not put ;
If parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma before it put .
5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:
Comma between conjunctions NOT put if the words go further in the sentence then yes, but
Comma between conjunctions put, If no THEN, SO, BUT.
Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.
Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:
they (argument and output) contain the main information;
therefore, among the answer options, one should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.
Remember the main information is given only in its direct meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICLY)
Task execution algorithm:
1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.
2. Determine the causal relationship between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, introductory constructions.
3. Shorten the text by crossing out secondary information (various explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).
4. Transmit in one sentence the main information contained in the text.
5. Compare your text compression option (your sentence that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.
Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.
Task execution algorithm:
1. Read the text.
2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary "photography":
if it is possible to “photograph” the entire text in one frame, this is description ;
if it is possible to “photograph” the text in a successive series of frames, this is narration ;
if the text cannot be "photographed" - this reasoning .
3. Remember that
description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);
narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of characters);
reasoning proves and is built according to the scheme: thesis - proof - final conclusion.
Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.
Types of speech
composition scheme
Narration
(what happened?)
I came, I saw, I conquered.
communicate a sequence of actions or events.
verbs are used.
Multiple Frames
exposition
tie
Development of action
climax
5. Interchange
Description
(Which?)
indicate the signs of an object, person, place, state. Adjectives are used.
1 frame
From the general impression to the details.
Reasoning (why?)
substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.
It talks about causes and effects, events and phenomena, our ideas about them, assessments, feelings. - about what can not be photographed.
1. Thesis (a thought that is being proved) →
2. arguments (proofs, examples) →
3. conclusions.
Task 22. From the given sentences write out synonyms (synonymous pair). (There may be various lexical means.
Task execution algorithm:
1. If in the task it is required to find a certain lexical unit in the specified passage of text, it is necessary
recall the definition of this lexical unit:
Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual.
Homonyms-these are words thoughhigher in sound (withpossible differentwriting) or writesledge (if possiblenom different soundingnii), but different in meaning.
historicisms- These are obsolete words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects and phenomena that they denoted from life.
Neologisms– new words of limited use.
Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang your nose, win, voice of crying)
Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is connected with the previous one using a possessive pronoun (another means of communication). Write the number of this offer.
Lexical means of communication required in task B7:
lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);
synonyms and synonymic substitutions;
contextual synonyms;
antonyms (including contextual ones).
Morphological means of communication:
unions;
personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;
adverbs;
degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
The syntactic means of communication of sentences include:
syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences);
parceling (withdrawal from the sentence of any part and its execution in the form of an independent incomplete sentence);
incomplete sentences;
introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.
Task execution algorithm:
1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronominal connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.
2. Remember that you must determine the relationship of this sentence with the previous , with the one that is to the offer you are considering .
CATS OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING
Personal
Unit h. pl. h.
1 l. - I we
2 l. - you you
3 l. - he, she, it they
returnable
myself
Interrogative
relative
who, what, which, whose, which, how much, what
indefinite
someone, something, some, several, someone, something, someone, someone, someone, some someday
Negative
no one, nothing, none, no one, no one, nothing
Possessive
mine, yours, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs
pointing
that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)
Determinants
all, everyone, everyone, himself, any, other, most, other
When declining some pronouns, the whole word changes: I - to me, you - to you ...
Distinguish the categories of pronouns.
Wed Her (his, them) book- whose? - possessive pronoun.
We sawher (his, their ) - whom? - personal pronoun.
Who on duty today? - interrogative pronoun.
We do not know, Who today duty is a relative pronoun.
Task 24. Restore the missing terms in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.
Task execution algorithm:
Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive means of the language presented in the sample of answers.
Divide all the terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.
Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.
4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list of those terms that, according to the meaning, cannot be in place of gaps in the text.
1. trails - words and expressions used in a figurative sense:
epithet - figurative definition (Through wavy fogs the moon sneaks ... / A.S. Pushkin/);
personification - attribution of qualities, actions, emotions of a person to objects, nature, abstract concepts ( The earth is sleeping in the glow of blue / M.Yu. Lermontov/);
comparison - a comparison of two objects or phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice weak on the studenoy river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov/);
metaphor - the transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (Lights rowan bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin /);
metonymy - allegorical designation of the subject of speech, "renaming", replacing one concept with another that has a causal relationship with it ( All flags will visit us / A.S. Pushkin/);
synecdoche - a kind of metonymy, when the name of the part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);
hyperbola - excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (The sunset burned in a hundred thousand suns / V.V. Mayakovsky /);
litotes - excessive underestimation of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboyedov /);
irony - hidden mockery; the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal (Otkol, smart, you wander head? / I.A. Krylov/);
paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their distinctive features or an indication of characteristic features ( King of beasts/instead of a lion/);
2. Figures of speech - special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:
antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images (You are wretched, You are plentiful, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother Rus'! / N.A. Nekrasov /);
inversion - reverse word order (whitens sail lonely/M.Yu. Lermontov/);
gradation - the arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes)
oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);
parceling - intentional violation of the boundaries of the sentence (It happened a long time ago. A very long time ago. Anna had trouble. Big.);
anaphora monophony, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait a lot. Wait when yellow rains make you sad, Wait when it snows, Wait when the heat Wait when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov/);
epiphora - repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent constructions (I would like to know why I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? /N.V. Gogol /);
a rhetorical question - a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (To be or not to be? / Shakespeare /);
rhetorical appeal - emotional appeal to people who are not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);
ellipsis - omission of the predicate, giving speech dynamism (We villages - to ashes, cities - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);
lexical repetition - intentional repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).
questionable - response form of presentation - a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What to do? I don’t know. Whom to ask for advice? Unknown.);
syntactic parallelism - the same syntactic construction of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar members of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. / M.Yu. Lermontov /);
homogeneous members of the sentence .
3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary
Dialect words - a word or phrase existing in a particular locality (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialectism): cock-kochet
jargon- the speech of a social group, different from the common language, containing many artificial words and expressions. There are different jargons: salon, philistine, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. "Smell" - from the jargon of hunters, "amba" - from the sea.
Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on uma - name) - words that have opposite meanings: "Deceit and love", "Whiter is only a shine, blacker is a shadow."
Archaisms(from the Greek Archaios - ancient) - an obsolete word or figure of speech.
Neologisms(from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) - a newly formed word that appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). Neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, "mediocrity" instead of "mediocrity".
Synonyms(from Greek - eponymous) 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close (or the same) in meaning: defeat-overcome (enemy); run - rush; beautiful - charming; hippopotamus - hippopotamus. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that converge in meaning in the same context, these words are individual, situational in nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); the voice (murmur) of the waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) of foliage.
Contextual synonyms - words or a combination of words that acquire a close meaning only in a certain context. "Doing nothing" - passive rest.
Phraseologism - lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, integral in meaning, a phrase reproduced in the form of a finished speech unit. (Frown eyebrows, win, lower head, bloody nose, burn with shame, bare teeth, sudden death, longing takes, biting frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate position)
Homonyms- similar-sounding words with different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (a lot and change your mind). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.
PART 2
It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author's position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and conclusively expressing one's own attitude to what was read. The volume of the essay is at least 200 words.
In order to perform the task correctly, you need to know Part C evaluation criteria.
Essay writing plan - reasoning on the proposed text
Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, compiled on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of part C:
1. Formulate the problem - K 1
2. Comment on the problem.K-2
4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4
5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).
6. Final conclusion (conclusion).
Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.