Applied Geology. Direction: applied geology Applied geology what it does
Among the geological sciences, there are many different areas. The article will focus on the geology of oil and gas. This is applied science. Its task is to study the chemical and physical properties of gas, oil, their deposits, fields, reservoirs, tires, geochemistry of organic matter.
General information
The training of specialists in the field of oil and gas geology is carried out at universities specializing in the study of mining and the oil and gas industry. The course called "Applied Geology" is also aimed at studying the processes of accumulation and migration of hydrocarbons, studying the main patterns of the location of oil and gas fields.
Oil is a word that comes from the Arabic "nafat" (translated - to spew). Ever since an American entrepreneur drilled an oil well in Pennsylvania and people realized the importance of oil production, geologists have been interested in one question: where should these wells be drilled?
Since that time, many different theories have been proposed on the conditions for the formation of oil deposits, forecasting the conditions for discovering its reserves. The science of applied geology began to develop, which does not lose its relevance and is engaged not only in the field of oil production, but also in the gas industry.
What disciplines are studied?
Studying this specialty, students plunge into the world of the most interesting theories, one of which is anticlinal. It attracts quite a long and serious attention. The anticlinal theory was born even before the first oil well was drilled. But it has not lost its relevance to this day. In theory, we are talking about the relationship between oil deposits and anticlinal folding. In addition, students study the chemistry of oil and gas, their chemical composition and analysis methods. In the learning process, the sources of heat and heat flow of the Earth, the magnetism of rocks and minerals are necessarily studied. Future specialists need to have knowledge in the field of groundwater deposits and methods for their study, as well as issues of waste disposal into the bowels of the Earth.
This science studies the powerful domestic resource base and the development of oil and gas production. Teaching aids provide an opportunity to study the theoretical issues of geological processes, physical and chemical properties of oil and gas, as well as issues related to the formation of deposits and their placement. In addition, a prerequisite is the presence of a practical part: laboratory and control work on the geology of oil and gas. Particular attention in the process of teaching this specialty is given to fundamental disciplines, since without a foundation, as you know, the house of knowledge will be fragile. As a rule, applied geology can be studied both full-time and part-time.
What skills will graduates have?
What opportunities does applied geology provide as a specialty? What it is? Preparing specialists in this specialization, the compilers of the training programs provide that graduates of universities in the field of oil and gas geology will master the methods of prospecting and exploration (geological and geophysical) of oil and gas fields, the development and principles of building dynamic and statistical models showing hydrocarbon deposits. Mining engineers are graduates of geological departments with a specialization in Applied Geology.
Where to work after graduation?
Mining engineers participate in expeditions and exploration work, research and design work in oil and gas production, and in monitoring the development of deposits. Such specialists are able to conduct field geophysical and geological studies, perform a geological justification for the development of deposits, and evaluate resources and mineral reserves. They study oil and gas reservoir rocks and can recreate the ancient conditions under which oil and gas basins were formed. It is mining engineers who determine the technology of drilling and mining operations. All these knowledge and skills are acquired by future specialists in the geological specialty "Applied Geology".
What is this specialty and how does it differ from general geology?
When you specialize in oil and gas geology, you study a specific area of science and material production related to the industrial development and exploitation of oil and gas fields. This applies to both land and water areas. The objects of professional activity of such a specialist are direct deposits of oil and gas, as well as gas condensate.
General geology studies the complex structure of the Earth and even other planets of the solar system, the main patterns of evolution and formation of geological bodies, the fundamental principles and basic methods of geological research.
Therefore, if you are interested in the production of gas and oil, then you should choose a university that is called "mining". Applied geology is also studied at universities with a specific title of specialization: "oil and gas".
Teaching level
As a rule, highly qualified teachers work in such universities, with a high percentage of professorial staff, known in the geological communities of scientists.
Today, most of the geological faculties have a modern material and technical base, which makes it possible to solve extremely complex tasks in the field of prospecting, exploration, assessment of oil and gas potential and geoecological problems. In the process of studying in the specialty "Applied Geology" ("Geology of Oil and Gas"), the latest computer technologies are used, and the students themselves have the opportunity to work at professional workstations, master specialized software packages of the world's leading operators in the oil and gas industry.
What does geodesy study?
This science comes from ancient times. The name is of Greek origin. In ancient times, she was engaged in the study of the Earth, dividing it into a coordinate system. The modern science of geodesy is associated with the study of artificial satellites, the use of electronic machines, instruments and computers to determine the position of an object on the surface of the Earth. She studies the shape of this object, its dimensions. Therefore, this science is in close relationship with mathematics, especially geometry, and physics. The task of such a specialist is to create a coordinate system and build geodetic networks to determine the position of points on the surface of our planet.
Employment
In general, all specialties of geological faculties are prestigious. Studying geology is interesting. And such a specialization as applied geology and geodesy allows you to get a job in the leading largest domestic oil and gas companies and abroad. The professional activities of graduates are often carried out in academic and departmental research organizations. These specialists are in demand in exploration and production companies, various kinds (higher, secondary special and secondary general) institutions of the education system.
Qualified specialists are always in demand in the administrative apparatus, in the regions where they deal with issues of the mineral resource base, as well as in the management and departments for subsoil use. In addition, many graduates work in institutions related to hydrogeological issues, engineering-geological and environmental problems. They work in organizations engaged in the exploration and exploitation of groundwater, their protection from depletion and pollution. Many specialists work at enterprises engaged in design and survey work in construction.
APPLIED GEOLOGY - combines practical branches of geology: geology of mineral deposits, hydrogeology, engineering geology, oilfield geology, mining geology, etc.
Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. - M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al.. 1978 .
See what "APPLIED GEOLOGY" is in other dictionaries:
applied geology- - Topics oil and gas industry EN applied geologyeconomic geologypractical geology ... Technical Translator's Handbook
Applied geol. the science of the conditions for the distribution of oil and gas in the lithosphere, the search for their industrial accumulations, the preparation of the latter for development with the calculation of reserves in them both on land and in the waters of the shelves and continental basins. ... ... Geological Encyclopedia
geology- ▲ Applied science concerning, the earth's crust geology is the science of the earth's crust. lithology. metallogeny. geochemistry. petrography, petrology. stratigraphy. geomorphology. orography. speleology. neptunism. plutonism. epigenetic. geochronology. |… … Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
- (from other Greek γῆ "Earth" and from λόγος "teaching") the science of the composition, structure and patterns of development of the Earth, other planets of the solar system and their natural satellites. Contents 1 History of Geology ... Wikipedia
- (from Geo ... and ... logy (See ... Logia)) a complex of sciences about the earth's crust and deeper spheres of the Earth; in the narrow sense of the word, the science of the composition, structure, movements and history of the development of the earth's crust and the distribution of minerals in it. Majority… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia
University card name = Department of Geology and Geophysics of Samara State Technical University abbreviation = Geology and Geophysics Samara State Technical University image = original = motto = founded = 1947 head of the department = Gusev Vladimir Vasilyevich, ... ... Wikipedia
- (((name))) (((faculty))) (((university))) (((image))) Department of Geology and Geophysics, the first department of the Petroleum Faculty of the Samara State Technical University. It was founded in 1947 and headed by Professor K. V. Polyakov. In ... Wikipedia
The branch of geology that studies geol. processes that determine the conditions of str va, and geol. phenomena that occur in soils on which buildings and structures are erected. Applied task I. g. obtaining all the necessary (for design) geol. data and... ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
Contents 1 List of Corresponding Members 2 Abbreviations ... Wikipedia
Books
- Geology. Vulture of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, A. G. Milyutin. This textbook provides comprehensive knowledge of the discipline Geology. It is written on the basis of the latest provisions of the theory of lithospheric plate tectonics. A distinctive feature of the publication is its…
The most common entrance exams are:
- Russian language
- Mathematics (basic level)
- Geography - a profile subject, at the choice of the university
Education is conducted for 4-5 years, depending on the form of education: full-time (full-time) - 4 years; part-time, remote, evening, etc. - 5 years.
The specialty "Geology" will be of interest to those applicants who are fond of not just geography, but tectonic structures, the structure and origin of the Earth and the lithosphere, groundwater, soil, minerals and their deposits, crystals, minerals and rocks. Students receive extensive knowledge specifically in the area of the Earth, the processes of its evolution, not much focusing on other sections of geography.
Briefly about the specialty
Groups of future geologists are divided into several subgroups depending on the profiles:
- Geophysicists and geochemists (geochemical and geophysical areas);
- Hydrogeologists (geological, hydrogeological, engineering-geological, ecological-geological areas);
- General geologists.
When applying, it is better to ask the admission committee about future specialization. However, in most "classical" universities only general geology is taught. Then students equally deeply study the structure, material composition and origin of the Earth and the lithosphere, large tectonic structures, crystals, minerals and rocks, mineral deposits, groundwater, soils, geochemical and geophysical fields.
Education covers a variety of sciences related to geology: the history of geology, geomorphology, lithology, the sciences of minerals and sedimentary rocks, volcanology, geostatistics, glaciology. Moreover, graduates will have a good understanding of global warming processes and ocean currents.
Subjects studied
First of all, it is worth paying attention to the disciplines that all students study, regardless of their specialty. These include: Russian language, history, political science, foreign language, philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, religious studies, ecology, psychology and pedagogy, ethics and aesthetics, life safety, logic, etc.
As core subjects you will study:
- General, historical, engineering, ecological branches of geology;
- Geodynamics;
- Geophysics and geochemistry;
- General and optical mineralogy;
- crystallography;
- Lithology;
- Fundamentals of paleontology;
- Structural geology and geomapping;
- Economics of mineral resources;
- Hydrology;
- Petrography;
- Geology of Russia with the basics of geotectonics;
- isotope geology;
- Geology of solid and combustible minerals and others.
Acquired Skills
Upon graduation, you will already have the following skills:
- Implementation of geological survey;
- Participation in geological research of the seas and oceans;
- Conducting regional geological research;
- Teaching in educational institutions;
- Use of field and laboratory geological, geochemical, geophysical instruments, installations and other equipment;
- Groundwater resource and quality assessments;
- Carrying out lithological studies of sedimentary deposits;
- Research and use of the results of this research in the field of formation processes of seasonally frozen and permafrost waters;
- Paleontological study of fossil organic remains;
- Conducting research during the construction of engineering structures in a wide variety of conditions;
- Stratigraphy studies;
- Studies of the structure, chemical composition and properties of minerals and crystals;
- Study and search for mineral deposits;
- Study of the tectonic structure of the regions;
- Search and exploration of important types of energy raw materials (oil, gas, coal);
- Study of natural and artificially created physical fields of the Earth, etc.
Future profession
First of all, it is worth paying attention to an important factor for many applicants - wages. It ranges from 20 to 50 thousand rubles per month and depends on the development customer. A state structure can order the work of a geologist (in this case, you need to count on a lower fee) or a private company (it makes sense to ask for a salary increase).
Do not forget that there is always a chance to be invited to work under a contract abroad. The salaries and working conditions are much better there. In addition, please note that the oil industry is increasingly in need of highly qualified specialists in geology. To a greater extent, geologists are required to assess the prospects for drilling wells in different areas. And as you know, employees of companies that are engaged in oil production receive a decent salary.
A bachelor of geology can also work in other areas: in the areas of museum work, environmental protection.
Where to work?
So, in addition to schools and colleges, you will also be able to work in:
- Institutions of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation;
- government organizations;
- Companies engaged in prospecting, exploration and production of mineral raw materials;
- consulting companies;
- Organizations of the Ministry of Energy;
- Companies of Gosstroy of the Russian Federation;
- Educational and non-profit companies;
- Institutes of the Academy of Sciences and Scientific Research Institute of Geological Profile, etc.
Who to work?
A bachelor's degree and the skills acquired with it are enough to work as a laboratory assistant, junior researcher or technician. However, despite the seeming "non-prestige" of such professions, they will be a good start for future work:
- Ecologist;
- Geocryologist;
- Engineer;
- Geochemist;
- Geologist;
- topographer;
- party leader;
- paleontologist;
- Geophysicist;
- mine surveyor;
- Hydrogeologist and hydroecologist;
- Petrologist;
- The head of the detachment, etc.
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Department history
The new department "Applied Geology" was established on May 16, 2017 at a meeting of the Academic Council.
The first enrollment of students of geologists (50 people) was in 1956. The Department of Prospecting and Exploration of Mineral Deposits (PIRMPI) was opened in 1957. The heads of Smirnov S.M., Levashov K.K. invested a lot of work in the development of the department. Plyshevsky O.V., Savvinov N.M., Tomtosov I.A., Meltzer M.L., Farber M.R. More than 100 graduates of the department have academic degrees (including more than 20 doctors of science). Kashirtsev V.A., Safronov A.F. are corresponding members of the RAS. Among the graduates are laureates of state awards (D. Yadreev, Kh. Eremeev), discoverers of mineral deposits (K. Guryev, K. Kolodeznikov, V. Prokopiev, E. Pesterev, N. Gorokhov, etc.), holders of orders and medals, inventors and innovators, honored geologists of Russia and the Republic, leading scientists in the mining and geological industry and members of the government.
Scientific research of the staff of the department is traditionally associated with the study of geology and patterns of distribution of minerals in Yakutia. Since the mid-70s, the direction of studying the structural conditions of placement began to develop (associate professors Kulagina L.A., Tomtosov I.A., Farber M.R., professor Fridovsky V.Yu.). At the same time, studies were carried out on metallogeny (associate professor Savvinov N.M.), material composition and formational affiliation of gold deposits (Professor Meltzer M.L.), ore-controlling role of sedimentary complexes (associate professor Pavlov A.G.). In 1999, on the initiative of V.Yu. Fridovsky, an educational and scientific laboratory of geodynamics and minerageny is created. The laboratory staff performs a structural analysis of complexly dislocated complexes and ore deposits in Eastern Yakutia, a study of the patterns of formation and distribution of mineral deposits. Research is supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation in the Scientific and Technical Project “Scientific research in priority areas of science and technology”, the project “Structural and geodynamic reconstructions, modes of industrial ore formation and predictive and prospecting models of noble metal deposits in Northeast Asia” (2003-2004); State Reserves of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for research, projects "Study of structural and geophysical criteria for the placement of gold mineralization in ore-placer clusters of North-Eastern Yakutia in order to develop scientific and practical recommendations for prospecting and appraisal work" (2006-2008) and "Scientific justification prospects for gold potential of investment-attractive objects in the western part of the Olchano-Nerskaya mineragenic zone" (2008-2010), "Analysis of ore-controlling structures and assessment of the prospects for gold potential in the southeastern flank of the Adycha-Tarynskaya mineragenic zone (2011-213); Analytical Departmental Target Program of the Moscow Region and the NRF, project “Structural evolution of ore-bearing zones MZ of collision-accretion belts: macro-, meso- and microlevels” (2009-2010).
In 2008, together with the Institute of Geology of Diamond and Precious Metals of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Scientific and Educational Center "Mineral Resources and Technologies for Their Evaluation" was opened. In 2012, the center included the laboratories of the North-Eastern Complex Research Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The activities of the center received support under the Analytical departmental target program of the Federal Agency for Education of the Russian Federation (project "Development of the integrated scientific and educational center "Mineral resources and technologies for their evaluation" (2009-2010). Development of the integrated scientific and educational center "Mineral raw materials and technologies for their assessment” is carried out in three main areas: organizational activities (cooperation, integration projects, organization and holding of scientific events), educational and methodological activities (methodological support of the educational process, innovative teaching methods, advanced training of teaching staff) and scientific activities (study of the geological environment by modern methods) In 2010-2012, the laboratories "Sample preparation" and "Geochemical methods for searching for mineral deposits" equipped with modern equipment were opened as part of the REC.
The educational process at the department is provided by professor Fridovsky V.Yu., associate professors Polufuntikova L.I., Pavlov A.G., Ivanov N.N., Sandakova L.G., Kovalev L.N.
The Department of Permafrost Science was organized in 1978, and the first admission to the specialty "Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology" was carried out in 1976.
The department is graduating in the specialty 05/21/02 "Applied Geology", specialization "Prospecting and exploration of groundwater and engineering-geological surveys"".
Currently, the department is working on a full-time basis associate professors V.F. Popov, Oleg Alexandrovich Pomortsev and senior lecturer Tatyana Rudolfovna Zhang; head laboratory of hydrogeochemistry and hydraulics - Marina Vladimirovna Fridovskaya, head. Laboratory of Soil Science and Soil Mechanics - Victoria Petrovna Kobeleva; laboratory assistants of the 1st category - Aitalina Ivanovna Samyrova and Olga Ignatievna Vasilyeva. In addition, the educational process is conducted by part-time workers: Doctor of Geology and Mathematics, Professor Mikhail Nikolaevich Zheleznyak, Doctor of Geology and Mathematics, professors Vladimir Nikolaevich Makarov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor Dmitry Mikhailovich Shesternev, Candidate of Geology and Mathematics, Associate Professor Nadezhda Anatolyevna Pavlova, Candidate of Geology, Associate Professor Alena Alekseevna Shestakova, Candidate of Geology and Mathematics Anna Alekseevna Kut, as well as young teachers Alexandra Mikhailovna Cherepanova and Olga Ignatievna Vasilyeva.
Students undergo summer training practices at the training grounds Nokhtuisky, Tomponsky, Chabada. Acquaintance with nature, the enchanting expanses of the Lena River, a picturesque panorama of mountain and taiga landscapes, geological sights, active leisure, songs by the fire and true friendship enrich the children in many ways. They learn not only the romance of field life, but also acquire the necessary professional skills. In senior years, students undergo industrial practice.
Along with pedagogical activity, much attention is paid to scientific work at the department. Employees and students of the department carried out research work on the following topics: "Preparation of a map of ecological and geocryological zoning of the RS (Y) at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 of the RSTP 1.2.2.1 program" (supervisor O.A. Pomortsev, 2009-2010). "Assessment of the main parameters of the geocryological environment at the monitoring sites of the Chayandinskiy license area" (x/contract, leader O.A. Pomortsev, 2010); “Improvement of environmentally friendly methods of removing highly mineralized drainage waters in Udachninsky GOK” (x/contract, leader V.F. Popov, 2010-2012), “Engineering-geological conditions and dangerous exogenous geological processes in the section 760-870 km of the Yakutsk highway – Magadan – Southern Verkhoyansk” (supervisor O.A. Pomortsev, 2012-2013). Much attention is paid to student science. The department has a student scientific circle "GIGiM". Students actively participate with reports at scientific conferences of various levels.
Every year at the Faculty of Geological Exploration, the department organizes and holds a traditional student scientific conference in the section "Hydrogeology, engineering geology and geoecology". The students of the department are winners of many scientific conferences. The most significant achievements are: the diploma of the winner of the competition of scientific works in the nomination "Best report at the XVIII International scientific conference of students, graduate students and young scientists "Lomonosov" Section "Geology" April 11-15, 2011 (V. Kuvaev), "The best report at XIX International scientific conference of students, graduate students and young scientists "Lomonosov" Section "Geology" April 9-13, 2012 (V.Novopriezzhaya). The students of the department participate in the North-North program, within the framework of which they are trained during a semester abroad in Norway and Sweden (A.Urban, A.Cherepanova, R.Zaripov).
Graduates of the department are in demand and successfully work in exploration expeditions, search and survey crews, research institutes of the Academy of Sciences of Russia and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in large firms (Komdragmet) and companies (ALROSA, Surgutneftegaz, Polyus, etc.), engineering and construction surveys, the Yakut "Vodokanal", ulus and republican committees for nature protection, commercial enterprises, in the field of entrepreneurship.
The study of the Earth is engaged in geology and sciences are interconnected with each other. Geophysics studies the mantle, crust, outer liquid and inner solid core. The discipline explores the oceans, surface and ground waters. This science also studies the physics of the atmosphere. In particular, aeronomy, climatology, meteorology. What is geology? Within this discipline, several other studies are carried out. Next, find out what geology studies.
General information
General geology is a discipline that studies the structure and patterns of development of the Earth, as well as other planets belonging to the solar system. In addition, this also applies to their natural satellites. General geology is a complex of sciences. The study is carried out using physical methods.
Main directions
There are three of them: historical, dynamic and descriptive geology. Each direction is distinguished by its basic principles, as well as research methods. Let's take a closer look at them next.
Descriptive direction
It studies the placement and composition of the corresponding bodies. In particular, this applies to their shapes, sizes, relationship and sequence of occurrence. In addition, this direction deals with the description of rocks and various minerals.
Study of process evolution
This is what dynamic direction does. In particular, the processes of destruction of rocks, their movement by wind, underground or ground waves, and glaciers are studied. Also, this science considers internal volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, the movement of the earth's crust and the accumulation of precipitation.
Chronological order
Speaking about what geology studies, it should be said that research extends not only to phenomena that take place on Earth. One of the directions of the discipline analyzes and describes the chronological order of processes on the Earth. These studies are carried out within the framework of historical geology. Chronological order is organized in a special table. She is better known as She, in turn, is divided into four intervals. This was done in accordance with the stratigraphic analysis. The first interval covers the following period: the formation of the Earth - the present. Subsequent scales reflect the last segments of the previous ones. They are marked with asterisks on an enlarged scale.
Features of absolute and relative age
The study of the geology of the Earth is of great importance for mankind. Thanks to research, he became known for example. Geological events are assigned an exact date related to a specific point in time. In this case, we are talking about absolute age. Events can also be assigned to certain scale intervals. This is relative age. Speaking about what geology is, it should be said that, first of all, it is a whole complex of scientific research. Within the discipline, various methods are used to determine the periods to which specific events are tied.
Radioisotope dating method
It was opened at the beginning of the 20th century. This method provides a way to determine absolute age. Before its discovery, geologists were severely limited. In particular, only relative dating methods were used to determine the age of the relevant events. Such a system can only establish the sequential order of the latest changes, and not the date they were made. However, this method is still very effective. This applies to the case where materials devoid of radioactive isotopes are available.
Comprehensive study
A comparison of a certain stratigraphic unit with another occurs at the expense of layers. They consist of sedimentary and rocky rocks, fossils and surface deposits. In most cases, the relative age is determined using the paleontological method. The same is mainly based on the chemical and physical properties of rocks. As a rule, this age is determined by radioisotope dating. This refers to the accumulation of decay products of the corresponding elements that are part of the material. Based on the received data, the approximate date of occurrence of each event is established. They are located at certain points of the general geological scale. To build an accurate sequence, this factor is very important.
Main sections
It is rather difficult to briefly answer the question of what geology is. It should be noted here that science includes not only the above directions, but also various groups of disciplines. At the same time, the development of geology continues today: new branches of the scientific system appear. Previously existing and emerging new groups of disciplines are associated with all three areas of science. Thus, there are no exact boundaries between them. What geology studies is studied to some extent by other sciences. As a result, the system comes into contact with other areas of knowledge. There is a classification of the following groups of sciences:
Mineralogy
What does geology study within this section? Researches concern minerals, questions of their genesis, and also classification. Lithology deals with the study of rocks that were formed in processes associated with the hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. It is worth noting that they are still inaccurately called sedimentary. Geocryology deals with the study of a number of characteristic features and properties that permafrost rocks acquire. Crystallography was originally one of the areas of mineralogy. At present, it can rather be attributed to a physical discipline.
Petrography
This branch of geology studies metamorphic and igneous rocks mainly from the descriptive side. In this case, we are talking about their genesis, composition, textural features and classification.
The earliest section of geotectonics
There is a direction that is engaged in the study of disturbances in the earth's crust and the forms of occurrence of the corresponding bodies. Its name is structural geology. It must be said that as a science, geotectonics appeared at the beginning of the 19th century. Structural geology has studied medium and small scale tectonic dislocations. Size - tens to hundreds of kilometers. This science was finally formed only by the end of the century. Thus, there was a transition to the allocation of tectonic units on a global and continental scale. In the future, the doctrine gradually developed into geotectonics.
Tectonics
This branch of geology studies. It also includes the following areas:
- Experimental tectonics.
- Neotectonics.
- Geotectonics.
Narrow sections
- Volcanology. Pretty narrow branch of geology. He is studying volcanism.
- Seismology. This branch of geology deals with the study of geological processes that occur during earthquakes. This also includes seismic zoning.
- Geocryology. This branch of geology focuses on the study of permafrost.
- Petrology. This branch of geology studies the genesis, as well as the conditions for the origin of metamorphic and igneous rocks.
Process sequence
Everything that geology studies contributes to a better understanding of certain processes on earth. For example, the chronology of events is an essential subject. After all, every geological science has a historical character to one degree or another. They consider existing formations from this point of view. First of all, these sciences clarify the sequence of formation of modern structures.
Period classification
The entire history of the Earth is divided into two major stages, which are called eons. Classification occurs according to the appearance of organisms with solid parts that leave traces in sedimentary rocks. According to paleontological data, they allow one to determine the relative geological age.
Research subjects
Phanerozoic began with the appearance of fossils on the planet. Thus, an open life developed. This period was preceded by the Precambrian and Cryptozoic. At this time there was a hidden life. Precambrian geology is considered a special discipline. The fact is that she studies specific, mostly repeatedly and strongly metamorphic complexes. In addition, it is characterized by special research methods. Paleontology focuses on the study of ancient life forms. She conducts a description of fossil remains and traces of the vital activity of organisms. Stratigraphy determines the relative geological age of sedimentary rocks and the division of their strata. She also deals with the correlation of various formations. Paleontological definitions are the source of data for stratigraphy.
What is Applied Geology
Some areas of science somehow interact with others. However, there are disciplines that are on the border with other branches. For example, the geology of minerals. This discipline deals with the methods of finding and reconnaissance of rocks. It is divided into the following types: geology of coal, gas, oil. There is also a metallogeny. Hydrogeology focuses on the study of groundwater. There are many disciplines. All of them are of practical importance. For example, what is This section dealing with the study of the interaction of structures and the environment. Soil geology is in close contact with it, since, for example, the choice of material for the construction of buildings depends on the composition of the soil.
Other subtypes
- Geochemistry. This branch of geology focuses on the study of the physical properties of the earth. It also includes a set of exploration methods, including electrical exploration of various modifications, magnetic, seismic and gravity exploration.
- Geobarothermometry. This science is engaged in the study of a set of methods for determining the temperatures and pressures of the formation of rocks and minerals.
- Microstructural geology. This section deals with the study of rock deformation at the micro level. The scale of aggregates and grains of minerals is implied.
- Geodynamics. This science is focused on the study of processes on a planetary scale that occur as a result of the evolution of the planet. The relationship of mechanisms in the earth's crust, mantle and core is being studied.
- Geochronology. This section deals with determining the age of minerals and rocks.
- Lithology. It is also called sedimentary petrography. Engaged in the study of relevant materials.
- History of geology. This section focuses on the body of information received and the mining business.
- Agrogeology. This section is responsible for the search, extraction and use of agro-ores for agricultural purposes. In addition, he studies the mineralogical composition of soils.
The following geological sections are focused on the study of the solar system:
- Cosmology
- Planetology.
- Space geology.
- Cosmochemistry.
mining geology
It is differentiated by types of mineral raw materials. There is a division into the geology of non-metallic and ore useful rocks. This section deals with the study of the patterns of placement of the corresponding deposits. Their connection with the following processes is also established: metamorphism, magmatism, tectonics, sedimentation. Thus, an independent branch of knowledge appeared, which is called metallogeny. The geology of non-metallic minerals is also subdivided into the sciences of combustible substances and caustobioliths. This includes shale, coal, gas, oil. The geology of non-combustible rocks includes building materials, salts, and more. This section also includes hydrogeology. It is dedicated to groundwater.
Economic direction
It is a rather specific discipline. It appeared at the intersection of economics and geology of minerals. This discipline focuses on the cost estimates of subsoil areas and deposits. The term "mineral resource", given this, can be attributed to the economic sphere rather than to the geological one.
Intelligence Features
The geology of the deposit is an extensive scientific complex, within the framework of which measures are taken to determine the industrial value of rock areas that have received a positive assessment based on the results of prospecting and evaluation activities. During exploration, geological and industrial parameters are set. They, in turn, are necessary for the appropriate assessment of the sites. This also applies to the processing of recoverable minerals, the provision of operational measures, the design of the construction of mining enterprises. Thus, the morphology of the bodies of the corresponding materials is determined. This is very important for the selection of a mineral post-treatment system. There is an installation of the contours of their bodies. This takes into account the geological boundaries. In particular, this applies to the surface of faults and contacts of lithologically different rocks. It also takes into account the nature of the distribution of minerals, the presence of harmful impurities, the content of associated and main components.
Upper horizons of the crust
They are studied by engineering geology. The information obtained during the study of soils provides an opportunity to determine the suitability of the relevant materials for the construction of specific objects. The upper horizons of the earth's crust are often referred to as the geological environment. The subject of this section is information about its regional features, dynamics and morphology. Interaction with engineering structures is also being studied. The latter are often referred to as elements of the technosphere. This takes into account the planned, current or implemented economic activity of a person. Engineering-geological assessment of the territory involves the selection of a special element, which is characterized by homogeneous properties.
A few basic principles
The above information allows you to understand quite clearly what geology is. At the same time, it must be said that science is considered historical. It has many important tasks. First of all, it concerns the determination of the sequence of geological events. For the qualitative fulfillment of these tasks, a number of intuitively regular and simple features related to the temporal relationship of rocks have long been developed. Intrusive relationships are contacts of the corresponding rocks and their strata. All conclusions are made on the basis of the detected features. Relative age also allows us to determine secant relationships. For example, if it breaks rocks, then this allows us to conclude that the fault was formed later than them. The principle of continuity lies in the fact that the building material from which the layers are formed can be stretched over the surface of the planet if it is not limited by some other mass.
Historical information
The first observations are usually attributed to dynamic geology. In this case, this refers to information about the movement of coastlines, erosion of mountains, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Attempts to classify geological bodies and describe minerals were made by Avicenna and Al-Burini. Currently, some scholars suggest that modern geology originated in the medieval Islamic world. Similar studies were carried out during the Renaissance by Girolamo Fracastoro and Leonardo da Vinci. They were the first to suggest that fossil shells are the remains of extinct organisms. They also believed that the history of the Earth itself is much longer than the biblical ideas about it. At the end of the 17th century, a general theory about the planet arose, which became known as diluvianism. Scientists of that time believed that the fossils and the sedimentary rocks themselves were formed due to the global flood.
The need for minerals increased very rapidly towards the end of the 18th century. Thus, the bowels began to be studied. Basically, the accumulation of factual materials, descriptions of the properties and features of rocks, as well as the study of the conditions of their occurrence, was carried out. In addition, observation techniques were developed. For almost the entire 19th century, geology was entirely concerned with the question of the exact age of the Earth. Estimated estimates varied quite a lot: from a hundred thousand years to billions. However, the age of the planet was originally determined already at the beginning of the 20th century. In many ways, this was facilitated by radiometric dating. The estimate then obtained is about 2 billion years. The true age of the Earth has now been established. It is approximately 4.5 billion years old.