Surgeon Nikolay Ivanovich. Pirogov Nikolay Ivanovich - biography, photo, medicine, personal life of a surgeon

A brief biography of Nikolai Pirogov, a doctor, the founder of military field surgery, a naturalist, a surgeon, a teacher, a public figure, is presented in this article.

Biography of Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich briefly

Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich a short biography begins on November 27, 1810, when the future surgeon was born in Moscow. He was 14 and the youngest child in the family of the state treasurer.

Until the age of 12, he was homeschooled. At the age of 14, he successfully passed the exams for admission to the Moscow University at the Faculty of Medicine. He had no difficulties in his studies, but he was forced to earn extra money in order to help his family. Nikolai managed to get a job in the anatomical theater as a dissector. This work served as the impetus due to which he chose surgery.

Pirogov successfully graduated from the university and for further education he was sent to the best university of that time - Yuriev University. Here he worked for 5 years in a surgical clinic and at the age of 26 received the title of professor of surgery, defending his doctoral dissertation.

Returning home, he fell ill and stopped in Riga, where he operated on a person as a teacher for the first time. Then he gets a clinic in Dorpat and creates the science of surgical anatomy.

As a professor, Nikolai Ivanovich studies in Germany with Professor Langenbeck.

In 1841 he was invited to the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy to head the Department of Surgery. In St. Petersburg, Pirogov organized the first hospital surgery clinic and headed it. He created a new medical direction of hospital surgery. He worked at the Academy for 10 years, gaining fame as a talented surgeon, public figure and teacher.

At the same time, he consults in hospitals and manages the Tool Factory for the production of medical instruments.

In 1843 he marries Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina. After four years of marriage, she dies after a second birth from bleeding, leaving her husband 2 sons - Nikolai and Vladimir.

In 1847, Pirogov went to the Caucasus, where he practiced field surgery, applied new developments - dressing with starched bandages and anesthesia with ether. During the war in Crimea, he operated on the wounded in Sevastopol, using plaster casts for the first time.

In 1850 he remarries Duchess Alexandra Bystrom.

In addition to medicine, he was also interested in education and public education. Since 1856, he worked as a trustee in the Odessa educational district and began to introduce new, his own transformations. The fact is that the education system in many ways did not suit him. This led to the fact that, as a result of denunciations and complaints against him, Pirogov was dismissed from the educational district in 1861 by order of the emperor.

In 1862 he went abroad as a leader in the training of future professors. But in 1866 he was dismissed from public service, and the group of young professors was disbanded.

From that time on, he carried out medical activities on his estate in the Vinnitsa region, organizing a free hospital there. The world-famous Diary of an Old Doctor was written here. Pirogov was elected an honorary member in many foreign medical academies. Sometimes he traveled abroad or to St. Petersburg to give lectures.

In Moscow and St. Petersburg in 1881, his 50th anniversary of activity was celebrated with great triumph. Pirogov on this day was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city of Moscow.

On November 23, 1881, the great scientist died on his estate from an incurable disease. His embalmed body is still kept at his estate in Cherries.

The future great doctor was born on November 27, 1810 in Moscow. His father Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov served as treasurer. He had fourteen children, most of whom died in infancy. Of the six survivors, Nikolai was the youngest.

An acquaintance of the family helped him get an education - a well-known Moscow doctor, professor of Moscow University E. Mukhin, who noticed the boy's abilities and began to work with him individually. And already at the age of fourteen, Nikolai entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, for which he had to add two years to himself, but he passed the exams no worse than his older comrades. Pirogov studied easily. In addition, he had to constantly earn extra money to help his family. Finally, Pirogov managed to get a job as a dissector in the anatomical theater. This job gave him invaluable experience and convinced him that he should become a surgeon.

After graduating from the university one of the first in terms of academic performance, Pirogov went to prepare for a professorship at one of the best at that time in Russia, Yuriev University in the city of Tartu. Here, in the surgical clinic, Pirogov worked for five years, brilliantly defended his doctoral dissertation, and at the age of twenty-six became a professor of surgery. In his dissertation, he was the first to study and describe the location of the human abdominal aorta, circulatory disorders during its ligation, the circulatory pathways in case of its obstruction, and explained the causes of postoperative complications. After five years in Derpt, Pirogov went to Berlin to study, the illustrious surgeons, to whom he went with a respectfully bowed head, read his dissertation, hastily translated into German. He found a teacher who, more than others, combined everything that he was looking for in the surgeon Pirogov, not in Berlin, but in Göttingen, in the person of Professor Langenbeck. The Göttingen professor taught him the purity of surgical techniques.

Returning home, Pirogov fell seriously ill and was forced to stay in Riga. As soon as Pirogov got up from the hospital bed, he undertook to operate. He began with rhinoplasty: he carved out a new nose for a noseless barber. Plastic surgery was followed by the inevitable lithotomies, amputations, removal of tumors. Having set off from Riga to Dorpat, he learned that the Moscow chair promised to him had been given to another candidate. Pirogov received a clinic in Dorpat, where he created one of his most significant works - "The Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia".

Pirogov supplied the description of operations with drawings. Nothing like the anatomical atlases and tables that were used before him. Finally, he goes to France, where five years earlier, after a professorial institute, the authorities did not want to let him go. In Parisian clinics, Nikolai Ivanovich does not find anything unknown. It is curious: as soon as he was in Paris, he hurried to the well-known professor of surgery and anatomy Velpo and found him reading "Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and Fascia".

In 1841, Pirogov was invited to the Department of Surgery at the Medical and Surgical Academy of St. Petersburg. Here the scientist worked for more than ten years and created the first surgical clinic in Russia. In it, he founded another branch of medicine - hospital surgery. Nikolai Ivanovich is appointed director of the Tool Factory, and he agrees. Now he comes up with tools that any surgeon will use to perform the operation well and quickly. He is asked to accept a consultant position in one hospital, another, a third, and he again agrees. In the second year of his life in St. Petersburg, Pirogov fell seriously ill, poisoned by hospital miasma and the bad air of the dead. I couldn't get up for a month and a half. He felt sorry for himself, poisoned his soul with sorrowful thoughts about years lived without love and lonely old age. He went over in his memory all those who could bring him family love and happiness. The most suitable of them seemed to him Ekaterina Dmitrievna Berezina, a girl from a well-born, but collapsed and greatly impoverished family. A hurried modest wedding took place.

Pirogov had no time - great things were waiting for him. He simply locked his wife within the four walls of a rented and, on the advice of acquaintances, furnished apartment. Ekaterina Dmitrievna died in the fourth year of marriage, leaving Pirogov two sons: the second cost her her life. But in the difficult days of grief and despair for Pirogov, a great event happened - his project of the world's first Anatomical Institute was approved by the highest.

On October 16, 1846, the first test of ether anesthesia took place. In Russia, the first operation under anesthesia was performed on February 7, 1847 by Pirogov's comrade from the professorial institute, Fedor Ivanovich Inozemtsev.

Soon, Nikolai Ivanovich took part in hostilities in the Caucasus. Here the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia.

After the death of Ekaterina Dmitrievna Pirogov was left alone. "I have no friends," he admitted with his usual frankness. And at home, the boys, sons, Nikolai and Vladimir were waiting for him. Pirogov twice unsuccessfully tried to marry for convenience, which he did not consider it necessary to hide from himself, from acquaintances, it seems that from the girls planned to be the bride.

In a small circle of acquaintances, where Pirogov sometimes spent evenings, he was told about the twenty-two-year-old Baroness Alexandra Antonovna Bistrom. Pirogov proposed to Baroness Bistrom. She agreed.

When the Crimean War began in 1853, Nikolai Ivanovich considered it his civic duty to go to Sevastopol. He was appointed to the active army. While operating on the wounded, Pirogov for the first time in the history of medicine used a plaster cast, which made it possible to speed up the healing process of fractures and saved many soldiers and officers from ugly curvature of the limbs. On his initiative, a new form of medical care was introduced in the Russian army - nurses appeared. Thus, it was Pirogov who laid the foundations of military field medicine, and his developments formed the basis for the activities of military field surgeons in the 19th-20th centuries; they were used by Soviet surgeons during the Great Patriotic War.

After the fall of Sevastopol, Pirogov returned to St. Petersburg, where, at a reception at Alexander II, he reported on the mediocre leadership of the army by Prince Menshikov. The tsar did not want to heed the advice of Pirogov, and from that moment Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor. He was forced to leave the Medico-Surgical Academy. Appointed as a trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, Pirogov is trying to change the school system that existed in them. Naturally, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist again had to leave his post. In 1862-1866. supervised young Russian scientists sent to Germany. At the same time, Giusepe Garibaldi successfully operated. From 1866 he lived on his estate in the village. Cherry, where he opened a hospital, a pharmacy and donated land to the peasants. He traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. As a consultant on military medicine and surgery, he went to the front during the Franco-Prussian (1870-1871) and Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) wars.

In 1879-1881. worked on The Diary of an Old Doctor, completing the manuscript shortly before his death. In May 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of Pirogov's scientific work was solemnly celebrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, at that time the scientist was already terminally ill, and in the summer of 1881 he died on his estate. But by his own death, he managed to immortalize himself. Shortly before his death, the scientist made another discovery - he proposed a completely new way of embalming the dead. Pirogov's body was embalmed, placed in a crypt and is now preserved in Vinnitsa, which included an estate turned into a museum. I.E. Repin painted a portrait of Pirogov, located in the Tretyakov Gallery. After the death of Pirogov, the Society of Russian Doctors was founded in his memory, which regularly convened the Pirogov Congresses. The memory of the great surgeon is preserved to this day. Every year on his birthday, a prize and a medal named after him are awarded for achievements in the field of anatomy and surgery. The name of Pirogov is the 2nd Moscow, Odessa and Vinnitsa medical institutes.

S. Cherry (now within the boundaries of Vinnitsa), Podolsk province, Russian Empire) - Russian surgeon and anatomist, naturalist and teacher, founder of the atlas of topographic anatomy, founder of military field surgery, founder of anesthesia. Corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Biography

In search of an effective teaching method, Pirogov decided to apply anatomical studies on frozen corpses. Pirogov himself called this "ice anatomy". Thus was born a new medical discipline, topographic anatomy. After several years of such study of anatomy, Pirogov published the first anatomical atlas entitled "Topographic anatomy, illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions", which became an indispensable guide for surgeons. From that moment on, surgeons were able to operate with minimal trauma to the patient. This atlas and the technique proposed by Pirogov became the basis for the entire subsequent development of operative surgery.

Crimean War

Later years

N. I. Pirogov

Despite the heroic defense, Sevastopol was taken by the besiegers, and the Crimean War was lost by Russia. Returning to St. Petersburg, Pirogov, at a reception at Alexander II, told the emperor about problems in the troops, as well as about the general backwardness of the Russian army and its weapons. The emperor did not want to listen to Pirogov. From that moment on, Nikolai Ivanovich fell out of favor, he was sent to Odessa to the post of trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts. Pirogov tried to reform the existing system of school education, his actions led to a conflict with the authorities, and the scientist had to leave his post. Not only was he not appointed minister of public education, but they even refused to make him a comrade (deputy) minister, instead he was "exiled" to supervise Russian candidates for professorships studying abroad. He chose Heidelberg as his residence, where he arrived in May 1862. The candidates were very grateful to him, for example, Nobel laureate I. I. Mechnikov warmly recalled this. There he not only fulfilled his duties, often traveling to other cities where the candidates studied, but also provided them and their family members and friends with any, including medical assistance, and one of the candidates, the head of the Russian community of Heidelberg, held a fundraiser for the treatment of Garibaldi and persuaded Pirogov to examine the wounded Garibaldi. Pirogov refused money, but went to Garibaldi and found a bullet not noticed by other world-famous doctors, insisted that Garibaldi leave the climate harmful to his wound, as a result of which the Italian government released Garibaldi from captivity. According to the general opinion, it was N.I. Pirogov who then saved the leg, and, most likely, the life of Garibaldi, who was convicted by other doctors. In his Memoirs, Garibaldi recalls: “The outstanding professors Petridge, Nelaton and Pirogov, who showed generous attention to me when I was in a dangerous state, proved that there are no boundaries for good deeds, for true science in the family of mankind ... "After that Petersburg, there was an attempt on the life of Alexander II by nihilists who admired Garibaldi, and, most importantly, Garibaldi's participation in the war of Prussia and Italy against Austria, which displeased the Austrian government, and the "red" Pirogov was generally dismissed from public service even without pension rights.

In the prime of his creative powers, Pirogov retired to his small estate "Cherry" not far from Vinnitsa, where he organized a free hospital. He briefly traveled from there only abroad, and also at the invitation of St. Petersburg University to give lectures. By this time, Pirogov was already a member of several foreign academies. For a relatively long time, Pirogov only left the estate twice: the first time in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war, being invited to the front on behalf of the International Red Cross, and the second time, in -1878 - already at a very old age - he worked at the front for several months during the Russo-Turkish War.

Activities in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878

Last confession

N. I. Pirogov on the day of death

Pirogov's body was embalmed by his attending physician D. I. Vyvodtsev using the method he had developed, and buried in a mausoleum in the village of Vyshnya near Vinnitsa. In the late 1920s, robbers visited the crypt, damaged the lid of the sarcophagus, stole Pirogov's sword (a gift from Franz Joseph) and a pectoral cross. During the Second World War, during the retreat of the Soviet troops, the sarcophagus with the body of Pirogov was hidden in the ground, while being damaged, which led to damage to the body, which was subsequently restored and re-embalmed.

Officially, the tomb of Pirogov is called the "church-necropolis", the body is located below ground level in the crypt - the basement of the Orthodox church, in a glazed sarcophagus, which can be accessed by those wishing to pay tribute to the memory of the great scientist.

Meaning

The main significance of all Pirogov's activities lies in the fact that with his selfless and often disinterested work he turned surgery into a science, arming doctors with a scientifically based method of surgical intervention.

A rich collection of documents related to the life and work of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, his personal belongings, medical instruments, lifetime editions of his works are stored in the funds of the Military Medical Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. Of particular interest are the 2-volume manuscript of the scientist “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor” and a suicide note left by him indicating the diagnosis of his illness.

Contribution to the development of national pedagogy

In the classic article "Questions of Life" he considered the fundamental problems of Russian education. He showed the absurdity of class education, the discord between school and life. He put forward as the main goal of education the formation of a highly moral personality, ready to renounce selfish aspirations for the benefit of society. He believed that for this it was necessary to rebuild the entire education system based on the principles of humanism and democracy. The education system that ensures the development of the individual must be based on a scientific basis, from primary to higher education, and ensure the continuity of all education systems.

Pedagogical views: he considered the main idea of ​​universal education, the education of a citizen useful to the country; noted the need for social preparation for life of a highly moral person with a broad moral outlook: “ Being human is what education should lead to»; upbringing and education should be in their native language. " Contempt for the native language dishonors the national feeling". Pointed out that the basis of subsequent professional education should be a broad general education; proposed to attract prominent scientists to teaching in higher education, recommended to strengthen the conversations of professors with students; fought for general secular education; urged to respect the personality of the child; fought for the autonomy of higher education.

Criticism of class vocational education: opposed the class school and early utilitarian-professional training, against the early premature specialization of children; believed that it hinders the moral education of children, narrows their horizons; condemned arbitrariness, the barracks regime in schools, thoughtless attitude towards children.

Didactic ideas: teachers should discard old dogmatic ways of teaching and apply new methods; it is necessary to awaken the thought of students, to instill the skills of independent work; the teacher must draw the attention and interest of the student to the reported material; transfer from class to class should be based on the results of annual performance; in transfer exams there is an element of chance and formalism.

The system of public education according to N. I. Pirogov:

Family

Memory

In Russia

In Ukraine

In Belarus

• Pirogova street in the city of Minsk.

In Bulgaria

The grateful Bulgarian people erected 26 obelisks, 3 rotundas and a monument to N. I. Pirogov in Skobelevsky Park in Plevna. In the village of Bohot, on the site where the Russian 69th military temporary hospital stood, a park-museum “N. I. Pirogov.

In Estonia

• Monument in Tartu - located on the square. Pirogov (est. Pirogovi plats).

In Moldavia

In honor of N. I. Pirogov, a street was named in the city of Rezina, and in Chisinau

In literature and art

• Pirogov - the main character in Kuprin's story "The Wonderful Doctor"
• Pirogov is the main character in the story "The Beginning" and in the story "Bucephalus" by Yuri German.
• Pirogov is a computer program in the science fiction books Ancient: Catastrophe and Ancient: Corporation by Sergei Tarmashev.
• "Pirogov" - a 1947 film, in the role of Nikolai Pirogov - People's Artist of the USSR Konstantin Skorobogatov.

In philately

Notes

1. Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. - St. Petersburg: 1907
2. Nikolay Marangozov. Nikolai Pirogov c. Duma (Bulgaria), November 13, 2003
3. Gorelova L. E. Mystery of N. I. Pirogov // Russian Medical Journal. - 2000. - T. 8. - No. 8. - S. 349.
4. Pirogov's last shelter
5. Rossiyskaya Gazeta - Monument to the Living for Saving the Dead
6. Location of the Tomb of N. I. Pirogov on the map of Vinnitsa
7. History of Pedagogy and Education. From the origin of education in primitive society to the end of the 20th century: Textbook for pedagogical educational institutions / Ed. A. I. Piskunova.- M., 2001.
8. History of Pedagogy and Education. From the origin of education in primitive society to the end of the 20th century: A textbook for pedagogical educational institutions Ed. A. I. Piskunova.- M., 2001.
9. Kodzhaspirova G. M. History of education and pedagogical thought: tables, diagrams, reference notes. - M., 2003. - S. 125
10. Kaluga crossroads. Surgeon Pirogov married a Kaluga woman
11. According to the rector of the Russian State Medical University, Nikolai Volodin (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, August 18, 2010), this was “a technical mistake of the former leadership. Two years ago, at a meeting of the labor collective, it was unanimously decided to return the name of Pirogov to the university. But so far nothing has changed: the charter, which was amended, is still being approved ... It should be adopted in the near future.” As of November 4, 2010, the university is described on the RSMU website as “im. N. I. Pirogov”, however, among the normative documents cited there, there is still the charter of 2003 without mentioning the name of Pirogov.
12. The only one mausoleum in the world, officially recognized (canonized) by the Orthodox Church
13. In tsarist times, there was a Makovsky hospital on Malo-Vladimirskaya Street, where in 1911 the mortally wounded Stolypin was brought and spent his last days (the pavement in front of the hospital was covered with straw). Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Chapter 67 // Red Wheel. - Node I: August the Fourteenth. - M .: Time, . - Vol. 2 (Vol. 8th collection of works). - S. 248, 249. - ISBN 5-9691-0187-7
14. MBALSM "N. I. Pirogov»
15. 1977 (14 October). 100 years from the birth of Academician Nikolai Pirogov in Bulgaria. Hood. N. Kovachev. P. dlbok. Naz. D 13. Sheet (5x5). N. I. Pirogov (Russian surgeon). 2703.13 st. Circulation: 150,000.
16. Chronicle of the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev. - L.: Science. 1984.
17. Vetrova M. D. The myth about the article by N. I. Pirogov “The Ideal of a Woman” [including the text of the article]. // Space and time. - 2012. - No. 1. - S. 215-225.

see also

• Operation Pirogov - Vreden
• Monument to Medical Officials Who Died in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878
• Kade, Erast Vasilyevich - Russian surgeon, Pirogov's assistant in the Crimean campaign, one of the founders of the Pirogov Russian Surgical Society

Bibliography

• Pirogov N.I. Complete course of applied anatomy of the human body. - St. Petersburg, 1843-1845.
• Pirogov N.I. Report on a journey through the Caucasus 1847-1849 - St. Petersburg, 1849. (Pirogov, N.I. Report on a journey through the Caucasus / Compiled, introductory article and note by S. S. Mikhailov. - M .: State Publishing house of medical literature, 1952. - 358 p.)
• Pirogov N.I. Pathological anatomy of Asiatic cholera. - St. Petersburg, 1849.
• Pirogov N.I. Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body. - St. Petersburg, 1850.
• Pirogov N.I. Topographic anatomy according to cuts through frozen corpses. Tt. 1-4. - St. Petersburg, 1851-1854.
• Pirogov N.I. The beginnings of general military field surgery, taken from observations of military hospital practice and memories of the Crimean War and the Caucasian expedition. hh. 1-2. - Dresden, 1865-1866. (M., 1941.)
• Pirogov N.I. university question. - St. Petersburg, 1863.
• Pirogov N.I. Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia. Issue. 1-2. - St. Petersburg, 1881-1882.
• Pirogov N.I. Works. Tt. 1-2. - SPb., 1887. [T. 1: Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor. T. 2: Questions of life. Articles and notes]. (3rd ed., Kyiv, 1910).
• Pirogov N.I. Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. - St. Petersburg, 1899.
• Pirogov N.I. Unpublished pages from the memoirs of N. I. Pirogov. (Political confession of N. I. Pirogov) // About the past: a historical collection. - St. Petersburg: Typo-lithography B. M. Wolf, 1909.
• Pirogov N. I. Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor. Edition of the Pirogov t-va. 1910
• Pirogov N. I. Works on experimental, operational and military field surgery (1847-1859) T 3. M.; 1964
• Pirogov N.I. Sevastopol letters and memoirs. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950. - 652 p. [Contents: Sevastopol Letters; memories of the Crimean War; From the diary of the "Old Doctor"; Letters and documents].
• Pirogov N.I. Selected pedagogical works / Entry. Art. V. Z. Smirnova. - M .: Publishing House of Acad. ped. Sciences of the RSFSR, 1952. - 702 p.
• Pirogov N.I. Selected pedagogical works. - M.: Pedagogy, 1985. - 496 p.

Literature

• Shtreikh S. Ya. N. I. Pirogov. - M .: Journal and newspaper association, 1933. - 160 p. - (Life of remarkable people). - 40,000 copies.
• Porudominsky V.I. Pirogov. - M .: Young Guard, 1965. - 304 p. - (Life of Remarkable People; issue 398). - 65,000 copies.(in trans.)

Links

• Sevastopol letters of N. I. Pirogov 1854-1855. on the website "Runivers"
• Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov “Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor”, Ivanovo, 2008, pdf
• Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov. Questions of life. Diary of an old doctor facsimile reproduction of the second volume of Pirogov's works published in 1910, PDF
• Zakharov I. Surgeon Nikolai Pirogov: a difficult path to faith // St. Petersburg University. - No. 29 (3688), December 10, 2004
• Trotsky L. Political silhouettes: Pirogov
• L. V. Shaposhnikova.

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

(1810-1881) - one of the greatest doctors and teachers of the present. century and to this time the most prominent authority on military field surgery. P. was born in Moscow; Introductory copy. at the univ. survived 14 years of age (although admission to students under the age of 16 was not allowed) and enrolled in the medical faculty. At the univ. he was greatly influenced by Prof. Wise with his advice to study pathological anatomy and engage in the production of autopsies. Upon graduation, P. was credited to the public account in opened in 1822 at the University of Dorpat. institute "out of twenty natural Russians", intended to replace professorial departments in 4 Russian universities. Here he became very close to the "highly talented" prof. Moyer and took up practical classes in anatomy and surgery. P. one of the first in Europe began to systematically experiment on a large scale, trying to solve the problems of clinical surgery by experiments on animals. In 1831, having passed the exam for a doctor of medicine, in 1832 he defended his dissertation, choosing the topic of ligation of the abdominal aorta ("Num vinctura aortae abdom. in aneurism. inguinali adhibitu facile actutum sit remedium"; about the same in Russian and German ). In 1833, having been remarkably trained in anatomy and surgery, he was sent abroad on a state account, where he worked in Berlin with prof. Schlemm, Rust, Graefe, Dieffenbach and Jugken, and especially Langenbeck, the greatest German authorities of their time. In 1835 he returned to Russia and learned here that the department of surgery promised to him in Moscow had been replaced by Inozemtsov, his friend at the Derpt Institute. In 1836, at the suggestion of Moyer, prof. surgery at Dorpat University. Prior to being confirmed in his position, P., when he was in St. Petersburg, read in German for 6 weeks private lectures on surgery at the deceased Obukhov hospital, which attracted all the outstanding St. Petersburg doctors, performed several hundred operations that struck with the skill of the operator. Upon his return to Dorpat, he soon became one of the most beloved prof. Dedicating Univ. daily 8 o'clock, managing several clinics and polyclinics, however, soon made public on it. lang. his famous, widely known Annals of the Surgical Clinic. In 1838, Mr.. P. sent to Paris, where he met with the luminaries of French surgery: Velpo, Roux, Lisfranc and Amyussa. Every year, during his stay in Dorpat, P. undertook surgical excursions to Riga, Revel, and other cities of the Baltic region, always attracting a huge number of patients, especially since, on the initiative of local doctors, pastors in the villages announced publicly the arrival of the Derpt surgeon. In the years 1837-1889 P. published the famous "Surgical Anatomy of Arterial Trunks and Fascia" on it. and lat. lang. (for this essay he was awarded the Demidov Prize by the Academy of Sciences) and a monograph on the transection of the Achilles tendon. In 1841, Mr.. P. was transferred to St. Petersburg. Medical surgeon academy prof. Hospital Surgery and Applied Anatomy and was appointed to head the entire surgical department of the hospital. Under him, the surgical clinic became the highest school of Russian surgical education, which was facilitated, in addition to high authority, by the extraordinary gift of teaching and the incomparable technique of P. in the production of operations, a huge amount and variety of clinical material. In the same way, he raised the teaching of anatomy with a device to an extraordinary height at the suggestion of him and prof. Baer and Seidlitz of the Special Anatomical Institute, the first director of which he was appointed and invited the famous Gruber as his assistant. During his 14-year professorship in St. Petersburg, P. made about 12,000 autopsies with detailed protocols for each of them, began experimental research on ether anesthesia during operations, which, thanks to him, soon became widespread in Russia. In 1847 he went to the Caucasus, where the war was in full swing. Here, for the first time, he got acquainted in practice with military field surgery and questions of military field medicine. administrations, in a field in which his authority is still out of reach. Upon his return to St. Petersburg in 1848, he devoted himself to the study of cholera, opened many cholera corpses and published in Russian and French. languages ​​essay with the atlas "Pathological anatomy of Asiatic cholera". Of the scientific works during the 14-year stay in St. Petersburg, the most important: "Course in applied anatomy of the human body", "Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body" and in particular his world-famous "Topographic anatomy according to cuts through frozen corpses", "Clinical surgery" (which describes his "Pirogovskaya" operation on the foot, a plaster cast). In 1854, with the outbreak of hostilities, P. left for Sevastopol at the head of a detachment of the Exaltation of the Cross Community of Sisters of Mercy. Having devoted himself to the cause of helping the sick and wounded, devoting whole days and nights to them for 10 months, at the same time he could not help but see the entire social and scientific backwardness of Russian society, the widespread dominance of predation, the most outrageous abuses. In 1870, Mr.. P. was invited by the main department of the Red Cross to inspect the military-sanitary institutions in the theater of the Franco-Prussian war. His journey through German hospitals and hospitals was a solemn triumph for P., since in all official and medical spheres he met with the most honorable and cordial reception. The views set forth by him in his "Principles of military field surgery" met with general distribution. So, for example, his plaster cast was in great use; production of resections (see) in types of preservation of the greatest possible mass of intact parts superseded amputations; his plan for the dispersion of the sick was used by the Germans on the widest scale; his views on the placement of the sick and wounded not in large hospitals, but in tents, barracks, etc., was implemented. In the same way, the sorting of the wounded at the dressing station recommended by him back in Sevastopol was introduced. The result of his journey was "Report on a visit to the military sanitary institutions in Germany, Lorraine and Alsace in 1870", in Russian and German. languages. In 1877, P. was sent to the Turkish theater of operations, where, when examining infirmaries, barracks, rooms for patients in private houses and in camp tents and tents, he paid attention to the terrain, location, arrangements and amenities of the premises, to the food of the sick and wounded , methods of treatment, transportation and evacuation, and outlined the results of his observations in the classic work "Military Medical Care and Private Assistance in the Theater of War in Bulgaria and in the rear of the army in 1877-78." The basic principles of P. that war is a traumatic epidemic, and therefore measures should be the same as in epidemics; a properly organized administration is of paramount importance in the military-sanitary business; The main goal of surgical and administrative activities in the theater of war is not hasty operations, but properly organized care for the wounded and conservative treatment. The main evil is the random crowding of the wounded at the dressing station, which causes irreparable harm; therefore, it is necessary first of all to sort the wounded, to strive for the fastest possible dispersal of them. In 1881, the fiftieth anniversary of P.'s medical activity was celebrated in Moscow, at the same time he noticed creeping cancer of the oral mucosa, and in November of the same year he died. Russian doctors honored the memory of their greatest representative by founding a surgical society, organizing periodic "Pirogov Congresses" (see Medical Congresses), opening a museum named after him, and erecting a monument in Moscow. Indeed, P. occupies an exceptional place in the history of Russian medicine as a professor and clinician. He created a school of surgery, developed a strictly scientific and rational direction in the study of surgery, based on anatomy and experimental surgery. Abroad, his name was very popular not only among doctors, but also among the public. It is known that back in 1862, when the best European surgeons could not determine the location of the bullet in the body of Garibaldi, wounded at Aspromonte, P. was invited, who not only removed it, but also brought the treatment of the famous Italian to a successful end. In addition to the listed works, they also deserve great attention: "On plastic surgery in general and on rhinoplasty in particular" ("Military Medical Journal", 1836); "Ueber die Vornrtheile d. Publikums gegen d. Chirurgie" (Derpt, 1836); "Neue Methode d. Einführung d. Aether-Dämpfe zum Behufe d. Chirurg. Operationen" ("Bull. phys. matem. d. Pacad. d. Scienc.", vol. VI; the same in French and Russian) ; he wrote a number of articles on etherization; "Rapport medic. d" un voyage au Caucase contenant la statist. d. amputations, d. recherches exper. sur les blessures d "arme à feu" etc. (St. Petersburg, 1849; the same in Russian); a number of issues of his clinical lectures: "Klinische Chirurgie" (Lpts., 1854); "Historical sketch of the activities of the Exaltation of the Cross community of sisters of mercy in the city of Crimea and Kherson province." (“Sea Collection”, 1857; the same in German, B., 1856) and others. For a complete list of his literary works, see Zmeev (“Doctors-Writers”). Literature about P. is very large; it embraces not only the characteristics of this person, but also the memories of numerous of his students and persons who encountered him in one or another field of official activity.

T.M.G.

As a public figure, P. belongs to the glorious galaxy of employees of Alexander II in the early years of his reign. The appearance in the "Sea Collection" (see) of P.'s article "Questions of Life", devoted in particular to education, caused lively talk in society and in higher spheres and led to the appointment of P. to the post of trustee, first of the Odessa, then the Kiev educational district. In this post, P. was distinguished not only by complete religious tolerance, but he cared about a fair attitude and respect for all the nationalities that make up both districts (see his article "Talmud Torah", Odessa, 1858). In 1861, Mr.. P. had to leave the post of trustee; he was entrusted with the supervision of young scientists sent abroad under A. V. Golovnin to prepare for professorships. With the accession to the post of Minister of Public Education, Mr. D. A. Tolstoy P. left his teaching career and settled in his estate Vishnya, Podolsk province, where he died. As a teacher, P. - a champion of the general liberal education necessary for every person; the school, in his opinion, should see the student first of all as a person and therefore not resort to such measures that offend his dignity (rods, etc.). An outstanding representative of science, a man with a European name, P. put forward knowledge as an element not only educational, but also educational. On certain issues of pedagogical practice, P. also managed to express many humane ideas. At the end of his life, P. was busy with his diary, published shortly after his death under the title: "Questions of life; the diary of an old doctor." Here the image of a highly developed and educated person rises before the reader, who considers it cowardly to bypass the so-called. damn questions. P.'s diary is not a philosophical treatise, but a series of notes by a thinking person, which, however, constitute one of the most instructive works of the Russian mind. Faith in a higher being as the source of life, in the universal mind, spilled everywhere, does not contradict, in the eyes of P., scientific convictions. The universe seems to him reasonable, the activity of its forces - meaningful and expedient, human I- not a product of chemical and histological elements, but the personification of a common universal mind. The constant manifestation of world thought in the universe is all the more immutable for P. that everything that manifests itself in our mind, everything invented by him already exists in world thought. Diary and pedagogical writings P. published in St. Petersburg. in 1887. See Malis, "P., his life and scientific and social activities" (St. Petersburg, 1893, "Biographer. Bibl." Lavlenkov); D. Dobrosmyslov, "Philosophy of P. according to his Diary" ("Faith and Reason", 1893, No. 6, 7-9); H. Pyaskovsky, "P. as a psychologist, philosopher and theologian" ("Questions of Philosophy", 1893, book 16); I. Bertenson, "On the moral worldview of P." ("Russian antiquity", 1885, 1); Stoyunin, "Pedagogical tasks of P." ("Ist. vestn.", 1885, 4 and 5, and in "Pedagogical works" Stoyunin, St. Petersburg, 1892); Art. Ushinsky in "J. M. N. Pr." (1862); P. Kapterev, "Essays on the history of Russian pedagogy" ("Pedagogical collection", 1887, 11, and "Education and Education", 1897); Tikhonravov, "Nik. Iv. Pirogov at Moscow University. 1824-28" (M., 1881).

(Brockhaus)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

(1810-1881) - famous surgeon and anatomist, teacher, administrator and public figure; Christian. In 1856, Mr.. P. was appointed trustee of the Odessa educational district; in this post (until 1858), and then in the same post in Kyiv (1858-61), P. proved to be a true "missionary" of education. Although P. once stated that some of his mentors were Jews, and many Jews were his good comrades and excellent students, it can be assumed that he was little acquainted with Jewish life in Russia. In the south, and then in the southwest, P. came face to face with the so-called Jewish question and became an energetic defender of the Jewish people. In this case, it was also important that P. first got acquainted with the wide circles of Jewish society in Odessa, which was then the cultural center of South Russian Jewry and where the Jewish intelligentsia prevailed, who adopted German culture, so akin to P. himself. Already 4 months later after arriving in Odessa, P. sent (February 4, 1857) to the Minister of Public Education "a memorandum regarding the education of the Jews." In a cover letter to her, P. reported that "in presenting his views on the subject, so important in his eyes and so closely related to the good of the whole tribe," he "set himself the rule, not at all embarrassed by the prevailing opinions and decisions, to express directly and frankly , by duty of conscience and service, his inner convictions" that he collected opinions, compared, "subjecting to critical analysis the judgments of experts and tried with possible impartiality to present the state of Jewish education in its present form." P. speaks in a note for the introduction of universal education, warning against the use of coercive measures in the upbringing and advising to be careful about the religious beliefs of the Jewish people. Speaking about the naturally well-developed mental faculties of the Jews, P. reassures the government that, if it is carried out expediently, it will not encounter opposition among the Jewish people to its educational undertakings. P. ardently recommended the creation of a cadre of experienced teachers, speaking out against the appointment of Christian overseers to the heads of Jewish schools. P. demanded the equalization of Jewish teachers in rights with Christians, the reduction in the cost of textbooks, the establishment of boarding schools for poor students, the distribution and promotion of private Jewish girls' schools; at the same time, he emphasized the beneficial relationship of the Jewish school with the family and society. Proving the unfoundedness of the accusations of the Jewish people in evading education, P. referred to the fact that “from ancient times the Jews made it a sacred duty to maintain religious schools for their poor fellow believers on public support in all Jewish societies. In this way they managed to appropriate the word God's to all classes of the Jewish people, which is why it has spread from generation to generation to our times for almost 4000 years. P.'s first article on the Jewish question: "Odessa Talmud-Torah" (Odessa Bulletin, 1858) was reprinted by many magazines and newspapers; in it, the trustee highlighted what "a Jew considers the most sacred duty to teach his son to read and write, that in the concept of a Jew, literacy and law merge into one inseparable whole." Having transformed the "Odessa Bulletin", which under him became an exemplary body, P. attracted Jewish writers, among other things, to participate in the newspaper. In 1857, Mr.. P. turned to the Minister of Public Education with a letter in which he supported the petition of O. Rabinovich (see) and I. Tarnopol to publish a Jewish magazine in Russian and Zederbaum in Hebrew. The emergence of the first Russian-Jewish organ "Dawn" and the Hebrew "Ha-Melits" P. welcomed letters to the editors of these publications, stating in them that he was proud of his contribution to the implementation of these publications. At the same time, he published a letter in Rassvet about the need to spread education among the Jews, inviting intelligent Jews to establish an alliance for this purpose, without resorting, however, to violent actions against their opponents. At the same time, P. placed on Russian society the obligation to support Jewish student youth: “Where is religion, where is morality, where is enlightenment, where is modernity,” said Pirogov, “if those Jews who bravely and selflessly come into the fight against age-old prejudices do not Will they meet with us anyone who would sympathize with them and extend a helping hand to them? At parting with the Odessa society, P. made a "toast to the health" of representatives of the progressive ideas of the Jewish society, who share "Humboldt's idea that the goal of mankind is to develop its inner strength, to which it should strive by common forces, not embarrassed by the difference between tribes and nations ". And three years later, saying goodbye to the Kiev educational district, P. said that he did not consider his benevolent attitude towards the Jewish people to be his merit, since it came from the requirements of his nature, and he could not act against himself. Outlining his view on the cause of national enmity, P. rejected the motive of differences in religious beliefs and saw its cause in the class system of modern society; P. said that national prejudices were most disgusting to him. And at the end of his life, in the days of severe agony, P. recalled that his “view on the Jewish question had long been expressed”, that “time and modern events (1881) did not change his convictions”, that medieval concepts of harm Jews are supported by "artificially and periodically organized anti-Semitic agitations." Not only in specially Jewish articles, speeches and letters, but also in pedagogical articles, in circulars on educational districts, P. noted the desire of Jews for enlightenment, their concern for the school, putting forward their merits in this regard. Recognizing the need for the rapprochement of the Jews with the surrounding peoples, P. was completely alien to assimilation tendencies: he sought to destroy the isolation of the Jewish mass from the general European culture, but he was always convinced that "we all, no matter what nation we belong to, can become real people through education , each is different, according to the innate type and according to the national ideal of a person, without ceasing to be a citizen of his fatherland and even more vividly expressing, through education, the beautiful sides of his nationality. Living for the last 15 years on his estate almost without a break, P. provided free medical care to the poor surrounding population, peasant and Jewish. And just as the Sevastopol soldiers wove legends around his name, which later spread throughout the country, so the Jewish patients of P. spread the glory of the wonderful doctor throughout the Pale of Settlement.

Wed: Anniversary. ed. op. P. (Kyiv, 1910, 2 vols.), especially vol. I and approx. to him; N. I. P. on Jewish education (with an introduction by S. Ya. Shtraikh), St. Petersburg, 1907; Julius Gessen, Change of social currents, collection Experienced, vol. III; M. G. Morgulis, Questions of Jewish life; P. S. Marek, The Struggle of Two Educations; Ruv. Kulisher, Itogi (Kyiv, 1896); Fomin, Materials for the study of P. (Jubilee collection. Gas. School and life, St. Petersburg, 1910); A. I. Shingarev, N. I. P. and his legacy - Pirogov Congresses, Yubil. collection., SPb., 1911. This collection contains the most complete biography of P., written by AI Shingarev.

S. Streich.

(Heb. enc.)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

(1810-1881) - the famous scientist-surgeon, senior nurse. and public figure. Chin-ka son, P. 14 y. entered Moscow. un-t, 17 l. graduated from it as a doctor and then 5 years. worked in Professorsk. inst-those at Derptsk. university, after which, having defended his dissertation (1833), he was invited to this university as a professor in the department of surgery (1836). From 1842 to 1856, Mr.. P. was a professor of medical surgery. (later V.-Med.) Academy for the Department of Hospital created by him. surgery, surgeon. and pathological. anatomy; at the academy and as a doctor of the 2nd century. hospital (1842-1846) P. had to deal with then. medical ignorance and with many self-serving. medical abuse. and admin. staff, and he was almost declared "darkened" by reason, and in the press ("Sev. Pchela") F. Bulgarin accused him of plagiarism and contemptuously called him only "an agile cutter." But P. came out victorious, destroyed a number of abuses and achieved, despite the large. opposition, institutions at the academy equipped completely scientifically. way (1846) anatomical. Institute, the first director of which he was appointed. In 1847, Mr.. P. received the title of academician and was on Vysoch. by order, he was sent to the active army in the Caucasus to provide measures for the arrangement of the v.-field. medicine to help the wounded and for use in a wide range of the scale of the new surgical tricks. 9 months he spent in the most difficult. conditions, continuous labor, organizing the work of helping the wounded, and at 6 weeks. During the siege of the village of Salty, he personally performed up to 800 operations, for the first time using anesthesia of those operated on with the help of ether. Returning to St. Petersburg, P., instead of recognizing his merits and gratitude, was greeted sternly. military reprimand. Minister Prince. A. I. Chernysheva for non-compliance with the uniform and only thanks to the support of the enlightened Vel. Book. Elena Pavlovna could successfully continue his useful work. service in the military field. sanitation. In 1854, P., at the suggestion of Vel. Book, took over the establishment of the Exaltation of the Cross Community of Sisters of Mercy, founded by her, sent to Sevastopol. This is the first time in the whole world an attempt to provide private. gave brilliant help in the war. results and subsequently served as the basis for institutions of this kind. P.'s activities in the Crimea, met with extremely unkindness, but the commander-in-chief, Prince. A. S. Menshikov and his medical assistants. part, was very fruitful and gave him a huge europ. know how they notice. surgeon m. pr., in the Crimea, P. introduced his plaster cast, which was soon adopted by surgeons around the world. In Sevastopol, P. suffered a serious illness. disease (typhus), contracted in the performance of their medical. responsibilities. In his memoirs, N. V. Berg vividly draws heavy. the environment in which P. had to work: “Everywhere there are groans, screams, unconscious swearing of those operated under anesthesia, the floor is covered with blood, and in the corners of the tub, from which cut off arms and legs stick out; and among all this, pensive and silent P. in gray soldier's overcoat wide open and in a cap, from under which gray hair is knocked out at the temples - he sees and hears everything, takes a surgical knife in his tired hand and makes inspired, one-of-a-kind cuts. After Krymsk. war in "Mor. Sat." became famous. article P. "Questions of Life and Spirit" (1855), where he spoke with ardor. preaching high pedagogical. principle - about the need to prepare a child, first of all, a "person", and then create a specialist. This principle was put into practice in the 60s. when creating the D. A. Milyutin military. gymnasiums. In 1856, Mr.. P. took the post of trustee, first Odessa, and then Kyiv uchebn. districts, but in 1860 he left pedagogical. activity, only for a short time resuming it later (1862-1866) in the role of leader-la Russian. Professorial institute abroad. In 1870, Mr.. P. made a trip to the Franco-Prussian battlefields. war and took part in the works of Basel. intl. congress as a delegate of the Russian. main community of care for the sick. and wounds. soldiers (Red. Cross). The result of this trip was the publication of his essay: "About visiting the V.-sanitary. Institutions in Germany, Lorraine and Alsace" (St. Petersburg, 1871). In 1877-1878. P. was in Europe. theater of war with Turkey at the main. quarter of the commander-in-chief and worked tirelessly, visiting the gospel every day. examining patients, giving advice regarding the necessary sanitary. events and, despite his bow. age, riding around the battlefields for the purpose of scientific. observation of the sick and wounded modern. fire weapons ( D.A.rock. Memories. T. II. SPb., 1913). After the war, P. published his classic. work "Military medical business in the theater of war in Bulgaria and in the rear of the army in 1877-78." (St. Petersburg, 1879). In May 1881, the 50th anniversary was solemnly celebrated in Moscow. anniversary educational and societies. activities P., and in November. the same year he died. P. looked at the war as a "traumatic epidemic" and therefore believed that everything was sanitizing. events in the theater of war should be organized in the same way as in any epidemic; paramount importance in v.-sanit. In fact, he attached a properly organized administration, chief. the goal of which should not be the desire to operate on the wounded in the very theater of war, but skillful care for them and conservative treatment; great evil he saw in disorder. crowding the wounded on the dressing. points, to avoid which required careful and fast. sorting and immediately. their evacuation to the rear and home. As a person, P. stood out huge and noble. character, energy, developed due to the poverty in which he had to live in his youth, loyalty to his independently developed humanitarian. ideals, truly Christian. attitude towards the sick and wounded and enormous. erudition. P.'s writings are not specifically medical. character published in 1887 in 2 volumes; among them, his "Diary", published for the first time in "Rus. Star." and published separately in 1885. In 1899, P.'s widow published his letters to her from Sevastopol under the title. "Sevastopol letters of N.I.P., 1854-55". The memory of P. is extremely honored by the Russian. doctors and all Russian. in general: in honor of his periodicals. congresses of physicians are called "Pirogov", founded by a surgeon. society in his name, a museum in his memory, and in Moscow a monument was erected to him. ( Zmeev. Rus. medical writers. St. Petersburg, 1886; A.F.Horses. P. and the school of life. In the 2nd volume of the book "On the path of life". SPb., 1912).

In the Pirogovo estate on the outskirts of the city of Vinnitsa(Ukraine)there is a church,where the body rests.,embalmed by famous scientists of the time,at the request of the wife of the surgeon.During the Second World War, the tomb was vandalized by the invaders.,the glass sarcophagus was broken.After the war, the body of P.was brought into proper form and again placed in a sarcophagus with the help of specialists,who were responsible for the safety of the body.AND.Lenin in the Moscow mausoleum.

(Military Enc.)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

prof. Surgery, Board Member Minister. public education, writer; genus. November 13, 1810, † November 23, 1881

(Polovtsov)

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

Rus. the surgeon and the anatomist, researches to-rogo laid the foundation for the anatomic and experimental direction in surgery; the founder of military field surgery and surgical. anatomy; corresponding member Petersburg. AN (since 1847). Born in Moscow in the family of a treasury official. He received his primary education at home, for some time he studied at a private boarding school. In 1824 P., on the advice of prof. E. O. Mukhina entered the Moscow. un-t, to-ry graduated in 1828. Student years P. flowed in a period of reaction, when the preparation of anatomical preparations was prohibited as a "godless" thing, and anatomical museums were destroyed. At the end of the university, P. went to Derpt (Yuriev) to prepare for a professorship, where he studied anatomy and surgery under the guidance of prof. I. F. Moyer. In 1832 P. defended his thesis. "Is ligation of the abdominal aorta for groin aneurysm an easy and safe procedure?" ("Num vinctura aortae abdominalis in aneurysmate inguinali adhibitu facile ac tutum sit remedium?"). In this work, P. raised and resolved a number of fundamentally important issues relating not so much to the technique of ligation of the aorta, but to elucidate the reactions to this intervention of both the vascular system and the body as a whole. With his data, he refuted the ideas of the well-known at that time English. surgeon A. Cooper on the causes of death during this operation. In 1833-35 P, was in Germany, where he continued to study anatomy and surgery. In 1836 he was elected prof. Department of Surgery Derpt. (now Tartu) un-ta. In 1841, at the invitation of the Medico-Chirurgical. Academy (in St. Petersburg) took the chair of surgery and was appointed head of the hospital surgery clinic, organized on his initiative. At the same time he was in charge of the technical part of the military medical preparations plant. Here they created various types of surgery. sets, to-rye for a long time consisted of supplying the army and civilian medical institutions.

In 1847, P. went to the Caucasus to join the army, where during the siege of the village of Salty, for the first time in the history of surgery, he used ether for anesthesia in the field. In 1854 he took part in the defense of Sevastopol, where he proved himself not only as a clinical surgeon, but above all as an organizer of the provision of medical care. helping the wounded; at this time, for the first time in the field, he used the help of the sisters of mercy.

Upon his return from Sevastopol (1856), P. left Mediko-khirurgich. academy and was appointed trustee of Odes., and later (1858) Kyiv. educational districts. However, in 1861, he was fired from this post for ideas progressive for that time in the field of education. In 1862-66 he was sent abroad as a leader of young scientists sent to prepare for a professorship. Upon his return from abroad, P. settled in his estate with. Cherry (now the village of Pirogovo, near the city of Vinnitsa), where he lived almost without a break. In 1881, the 50th anniversary of scientific, pedagogical work was celebrated in Moscow. and social activities of P.; he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of Moscow. In the same year, P. died on his estate, his body was embalmed and placed in a crypt. In 1897, a monument to P. was erected in Moscow, built with funds collected by subscription. In the estate where P. lived, a memorial museum named after him was organized (1947); P.'s body was restored and placed for viewing in a specially rebuilt crypt.

P.'s merits before world and domestic surgery are huge. His works were put forward by Russian. surgery to one of the first places in the world. Already in the first years of scientific and pedagogical. and practical activity, he harmoniously combined theory and practice, widely using the experimental method in order to clarify a number of clinically important issues. Practical he built his work on the basis of meticulous anatomy. and physiological. research. In 1837-38 publ. work "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia" ("Anatomy chirurgica trimcorum arterialium hec non fasciarum fibrosarum"); this research laid the foundations of surgery. anatomy and the ways of its further development are determined. Paying great attention to the clinic, P. reorganized the teaching of surgery in order to provide each student with the opportunity to practice. studying the subject. He paid special attention to the analysis of the mistakes made in the treatment of patients, considering criticism the main method of improving the scientific, pedagogical. and practical works (in 1837-39 he published two volumes of Clinical Annals, in which he criticized his own mistakes in the treatment of patients). In order to provide both students and doctors with the opportunity to engage in applied anatomy, practice operations, and conduct experimental observations, back in 1846, according to the project of P. in Medico-Chirurgical. Academy was created the first not only in Russia, but also in Europe anatomical. in-t. Creation of new institutions (hospital surgical clinic, anatomical in-that) allowed him to carry out a number of important studies that determined the further development of surgery. Attaching particular importance to the knowledge of anatomy by doctors, P. in 1846 published "Anatomical images of the human body, assigned mainly to forensic doctors", and in 1850 - "Anatomical images of the external appearance and position of the organs contained in the three main cavities of the human body."

Having set himself the task - to find out the forms of various organs, their relative position, as well as their displacement and deformation under the influence of physiological. and pathological. processes, P. developed special methods anatomical. studies on a frozen yaelian corpse. Consistently removing tissue with a chisel and hammer, he left the organ or system of interest to him (the "ice sculpture" method). In other cases, with a specially designed saw, P. made serial cuts in the transverse, longitudinal, and front-rear directions. As a result of his research, he created an atlas "Topographic anatomy illustrated by cuts made through the frozen human body in three directions" ("Anatomy topographica, sectionibus per corpus humanum congelatum ...", 4 tt., 1851-54), provided with an explanatory text. This work brought P. worldwide fame. The atlas provided not only a description of the topographic the ratio of individual organs and tissues in different planes, but also for the first time the significance of experimental studies on a corpse was shown. P.'s works on surgical. anatomy and operative surgery laid the scientific foundations for the development of surgery. An outstanding surgeon, who possessed a brilliant technique of operations, P. did not limit himself to the use of surgical methods known at that time. accesses and receptions; he created a number of new methods of operations, to-rye bear his name. Proposed by him for the first time in the world osteoplastic. amputation of the foot marked the beginning of the development of osteoplastic. surgery. P. also paid much attention to the study of pathological. anatomy. His well-known work "Pathological Anatomy of Asiatic Cholera" (atlas 1849, text 1850), awarded the Demidov Prize, is still an unsurpassed study.

The rich personal experience of the surgeon, received by P. during the wars in the Caucasus and in the Crimea, allowed him to develop for the first time a clear system of organization of surgery. helping the wounded in the war. Emphasizing the importance of rest in case of gunshot wounds, he proposed and put into practice a fixed plaster cast, which made it possible to treat surgery in a new way. treatment of wounds in war conditions. The operation of resection of the elbow joint developed by P. contributed to a certain extent to limiting amputations. In the work "The beginning of general military field surgery ..." (published in German in 1864; in 1865-66, 2 hours, - in Russian, , 2 hours, 1941-44), to-ry is a generalization of the military surgical. P.'s practice, he outlined and fundamentally resolved the main .. questions of military field surgery (issues of organization, the doctrine of shock, wounds, pyemia, etc.). As a clinician, P. was exceptionally observant; his statements concerning the infection of the wound, the meaning of miasma, the use of various antiseptics. substances in the treatment of wounds (iodine tincture, bleach solution, silver nitrate), are essentially an anticipation of the work of English. surgeon J. Lister, who created antiseptics.

Great merit P. in the development of issues of anesthesia. In 1847, less than a year after the discovery of ether anesthesia, Amer. doctor W. Morton, P. published an experimental study of exceptional importance on the study of the effect of ether on the animal body ("Anatomical and physiological studies on esterization"). He proposed a number of new methods of ether anesthesia (intravenous, intratracheal, rectal), and devices for "ether" were created. Along with Russian the scientist A. M. Filomafitsky made the first attempts to explain the essence of anesthesia; he pointed out that he was a narcotic. the substance has an effect on the central nervous system and this action is carried out through the blood, regardless of the route of its introduction into the body.

P. was one of the leading teachers of the second half of the 19th century. Being a trustee of Odes. then Kyiv. educational districts, made a noticeable revival in the activities of schools and contributed to a significant improvement in the education and upbringing of children. P. rendered great assistance to the development of Sunday schools; On his initiative, the first Sunday school in Russia was opened in Kyiv in 1859. In numerous pedagogical speeches, among which the article "Questions of Life" (1856) stands out, P. covered a wide range of issues of education and upbringing.

Strongly condemned the restriction of the right to education on the basis of class and nationality. Considering the tendency to give education a highly specialized character from an early age, he defended the general education school as the main link in the entire education system. In the 60s. 19th century P. put forward the following project of the education system: elementary schools, gymnasiums, gymnasiums, universities and higher vocational schools. educational establishments. Progymnasiums and gymnasiums were planned of two kinds: classical, preparing for admission to the un-you, and real, preparing for practical. life and to enter the higher technical. educational establishments. P. persistently promoted the feasibility of learning, a skillful combination of words and visualization in teaching, defended active teaching methods: conversations, literary compositions of students, etc. At the same time, his pedagogical. views were limited and half-hearted, characteristic of liberalism. This, for example, explains P.'s inconsistency on the issue of corporal punishment, which was condemned by N. A. Dobrolyubov. During the period of activity in Mediko-khirurgich. P. academy was distinguished by the progressiveness of its socio-political. views, from which he began to depart towards the end of his life, becoming more and more conservative.

Works: Works, vols. 1-2, 2nd anniversary edition, Kyiv. 1914 - 1916; Selected pedagogical works, M., 1953; Collected works, vol. 1, M., 1957.

Lit .: Burdenko H. H., On the historical description of the academic activities of N. I. Pirogov (1836-1854), "Surgery", 1937, No. 2; his own, N. I. Pirogov - the founder of military field surgery, "Soviet Medicine", 1941, No. 6; Rufanov I. G., Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881), in the book: People of Russian Science. From the preface and intro. article by acad. S. I. Vavilov, vol. 2, M.-L., 1948; Shevkunenko V. N., N. I. Pirogov as a topographic anatomist, "Surgery", 1937, No. 2; Smirnov E. I., Ideas of N. I. Pirogov in the Great Patriotic War, ibid., 1943, No. 2-3; Yakobson S. A., One hundred years of the first work of N. I. Pirogov on military field surgery, in the same place, 1947, No. 12; Shtreikh S. Ya., Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, Moscow, 1949; Yakobson S. A., N. I. Pirogov and foreign medical science, M., 1955; Dahl M.K., Death, burial and preservation of the body of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, "New Surgical Archive", 1956, No. 6.

Pirogov, Nikolai I.

Outstanding surgeon, teacher, society. figure. Genus. in Moscow in the family of a small employee. At the age of 14, he entered medical school. Faculty of Moscow. university In 1828-1830 he studied at Derpt University as a prof. department. Doctor of Medicine since 1832, prof. since 1836. In 1833-1834 he trained in Berlin, on his return to Russia he studied ped. and treat. activities in the Empire. medical-surgical academy. In 1841 he was appointed a member of the Provisional Committee under the Minister of Nar. education, was a member of the honey. council Min-wa ext. affairs. Corresponding Member Petersburg. AN (since 1847). During the Crimean War, he developed a system for organizing surgical care for the wounded, went to the army. In 1856 he returned to St. Petersburg from the Crimea. Made an article "Questions of life". As a trustee of the Odessa (since 1856), and later the Kyiv educational districts, he tried to carry out reforms in the organization of education in schools, in connection with which he was dismissed in 1861. Last spent years in Ukraine, on his estate. The most adequate description of P.'s worldview was given by VV Zenkovsky. He notes that P. did not consider himself a philosopher. and did not pretend to be one, but in reality he had an integral and thoughtful philosophy. understanding of the world. Prior to entering the university, P. shared the principles of religion. outlook, later moved to materialism, adhered to empiricism in science, later expanded to "rational empiricism". Then he moved away from materialism. He tends to think that "it is even possible to admit the formation of matter from the accumulation of force." The problem of reality has become for P. far from simplified solutions. The very opposition of the material and the spirit. began to lose its indisputable character. P. is even ready to build a kind of metaphysics of light, bringing the beginning of life closer to light. He came to the conclusion that it was impossible to reduce the concept of life to a purely materialistic one. explanation. Zenkovsky calls P.'s worldview "biocentric." “I imagine,” P. wrote, “an endless, ceaselessly flowing ocean of life, formless, containing the entire universe, penetrating all its atoms, continuously grouping and again decomposing their combinations and adapting them to various goals of being.” This doctrine of world life in a new way, says Zenkovsky, illuminated for P. all the topics of knowledge, and he comes to the doctrine of the reality of world thinking - the universal mind, the highest principle that stands above the world, giving it life and rationality. In this construction, P. approaches Stoic pantheism with its doctrine of the world logos. Above the world mind stands God as the Absolute. Pointing out that the concept of the world mind is essentially identical to the concept of the world soul, Zenkovsky emphasizes that in this teaching P. anticipates those cosmological. constructions (starting from Vl. Solovyov), which are associated with the so-called. sophiological ideas. In the epistemology ("rational empiricism") of P. all our perceptions are accompanied by "unconscious thinking" (already at the very moment of their occurrence), and this thinking is a function of our "I" in its integrity. According to P., our very "I" is only an individualization of world consciousness. He comes to recognize the limitations of pure reason, separated from the moral sphere. Along with cognition, P. assigns a large place to faith. If "the ability of knowledge, based on doubt, does not allow faith, then, on the contrary, faith is not constrained by knowledge ... the ideal, which serves as the basis of faith, becomes higher than any knowledge and, in addition to it, strives to achieve the truth." Faith for P. meant a living sensation of God; not ist., namely the mystical reality of Christ, emphasizes Zenkovsky, nourished his spirit, and therefore P. stands for the complete freedom of religious-ist. research (Z. "IRF". T.I. Part 2. S.186-193). P. believed in science and education as a means of funds. conversions about-va. Pedagogy P. carries a moral-social. content. The goal of upbringing and education is a "true person", the qualities of which are: morals. freedom, developed intellect, devotion to convictions, the ability to self-knowledge and self-sacrifice, inspiration, sympathy, will. Philos. education, according to P., lies in the fact that it is a question of man, of the spirit - "a question of life", and not didactics. He developed the idea of ​​a "new teacher" - that person through which students perceive the subject. The question of social Progress P. decided on the paths of Christ. ethics: change about-va is a matter of "province and time." P. was not a supporter of the social. revolution. Great importance in the education system P. gave high fur boots. He emphasized: "The university is the best barometer of the society. The society is visible at the university as in a mirror and perspective."

The outstanding doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov is widely known for many of his discoveries in medicine.

He was an excellent surgeon, the founder of military field surgery and topographic anatomy.

The scientist and physician Nikolai Pirogov made so many scientific discoveries in the field of medicine that many of them are still used in one form or another, and not only in Russia, but throughout the world.

The great surgeon and scientist Nikolai Pirogov was once called the "wonderful doctor". There were real legends about cases of amazing healing and his unprecedented skill.

This brilliant man saved countless people in the past, present and future with his work.

Nikolai Ivanovich taught excellently and was engaged in social activities.

Doctor Pirogov did not see the difference between the rootless and the noble, the poor and the rich. He operated on absolutely everyone, and devoted his life to this vocation.

FROM THE BIOGRAPHY OF NIKOLAY IVANOVICH PIROGOV:

His father, Major Ivan Ivanovich Pirogov, was a military treasurer. Despite the fact that the father of the family worked as a military treasurer, the family did not live in luxury, since I.I. Pirogov was an honest man and taught children to do this.

Nikolay was born the thirteenth child in his family. In total, fourteen children were born in this family, but many died in infancy. 6 children survived, of which Nikolai was the youngest.

The Pirogov family greatly valued moral values ​​and tried to raise children as respectable and hardworking people.

The education of children was more than thorough. The head of the family always hired the best teachers. Nikolai first studied at home, and then began to receive education in one of the private boarding schools. It is not surprising that, as an eight-year-old boy, the future surgeon was already reading. He was impressed by the works of Karamzin as well. In addition, he was fond of poetry, and also composed poetry himself.

Familiar doctors often visited the Pirogovs' house, from whom little Nikolai took an example. His favorite pastime was to play doctor, and he asked his brothers and sisters, and even a cat, to be his patients. To be honest, the parents thought that this childhood hobby would pass with time. They hoped that the son would choose a different path, a more noble one.

The greatest impression on Nikolai as a child was made by the famous doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin, who treated his brother Nikolai for a cold. Nikolai, playing doctor as a child, tried to imitate Efrem Osipovich in everything. It was under the impression of Mukhin that Nikolai made his choice of profession as a child. In the future, Mukhin helped Pirogov to comprehend medical sciences.

Nikolai Pirogov was educated in a private boarding school (he entered there at the age of eleven), but due to financial difficulties in his family, he had to interrupt his studies, having studied instead of the required four years for only two years.

It so happened that it was medical activity that turned out to be the only way to survive not only for the impoverished family, but also for Nikolai himself. The fact is that a colleague of Pirogov Sr. stole a huge amount of money and disappeared. The father of the future surgeon, as treasurer, had to make up for the shortfall. I had to sell most of the property, move from a big house to a small apartment, limit myself in everything. A little later, the father could not stand such tests. He was gone.

Despite the deplorable situation of the once wealthy family, Nikolai's mother decided to give him an excellent education. All the remaining family money, in fact, went to the training of the future surgeon. Fourteen-year-old Nikolai became a student at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow State University, adding 2 years to himself upon admission. At the university, Pirogov succeeded in literally everything - he absorbed knowledge with enviable ease and managed to earn extra money in order to help his family. He got a job as a dissector in one of the anatomical theaters. While working there, I finally realized that I wanted to become a surgeon. When the young doctor was already graduating from high school, he realized that the authorities did not need domestic medicine. He was disappointed. For all the years of study at Moscow State University, he did not perform a single operation. And so he hoped that he would come to grips with surgery and science.

By the age of 18, Nikolai Pirogov graduated from the medical faculty of Moscow University. Having brilliantly graduated from high school, Pirogov went to Dorpat. He began working in a surgical clinic at the university. This university was then considered one of the best in the country.

During an internship at Dorpat University, N. Pirogov's roommate was Fedor Inozemtsev (another well-known scientist and doctor). The two poor luminaries of medicine were completely different in everyday life and life, Inozemtsev loved noisy companies, fun, relaxation, and Pirogov, meanwhile, preferred to spend his time studying books.

The young specialist worked in Dorpat for 5 years. He finally picked up a scalpel and practically lived in a laboratory. Over the years, Pirogov wrote his doctoral dissertation and defended it superbly. Already at the age of 22, he received the scientific degree of a doctor, and after another four years, that is, by the age of 26, he became a professor of medicine. At the age of 30, he was a famous scientist and doctor, his lectures were advertised in newspapers, and his name was already known outside of Russia.

After Dorpat, the scientist arrived in the capital of Germany. Until 1835, he again studied surgery and anatomy. Thus, Professor Langenbeck taught him the purity of surgical techniques. By this time, his dissertation had also been translated into German. Rumors about a talented surgeon began to spread throughout all cities and countries. His fame grew.

From Berlin, Pirogov again went to Dorpat, where he headed the department of surgery at the university. He was already operating on his own. The young man managed to show his excellent skill as a surgeon. In addition, he published a number of his scientific papers and monographs. These works strengthened his great authority as a scientist.

During this period, Pirogov also visited Paris, examined the best metropolitan clinics, he was disappointed with the work in such institutions. Moreover, the mortality rate in France was very high.

In St. Petersburg Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, in 1841 he began working at the St. Petersburg University at the Department of Surgery. All in all, I worked there for 10 years. Not only students came to his lectures, but also students from other universities. Newspapers and magazines constantly published articles about the talented surgeon. After some time, Pirogov also headed the Tool Plant.

Now he himself could invent and design medical instruments. He also began working as a consultant in one of the St. Petersburg hospitals. The number of clinics where he was invited grew rapidly.

In 1846, Pirogov completed the project of the anatomical institute. Now students could study anatomy, learned to operate and conduct observations. In the same year, the test of anesthesia successfully passed, which began to conquer all countries with enviable speed. In just one year, 690 operations under ether anesthesia were performed in 13 Russian cities, 300 of them were performed by Pirogov.

After some time, Nikolai Ivanovich arrived in the Caucasus, where he participated in military clashes. Once, during the siege of a village called Salty, Pirogov had to perform operations on the wounded under anesthesia in the field. This was the first time in the history of medicine.

In 1853, the Crimean War began. He was sent to the active army in Sevastopol. The doctor had to work in terrible conditions, in huts and tents. Nevertheless, he performed a huge number of operations. At the same time, surgical interventions were carried out only with ether anesthesia. It was also during this war that a medic first used a plaster cast. In addition, thanks to him, the institution of "sisters of mercy" appeared. The popularity of the surgeon grew steadily, especially among ordinary soldiers.

Then Pirogov returned to the capital. He reported to the sovereign about the illiterate leadership of the Russian army. However, the autocrat did not heed the advice of the famous doctor at all. And he fell into disgrace.

Pirogov left the St. Petersburg Academy, became a trustee of the Kyiv and Odessa educational districts. Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich tried to change the entire education system in schools. But in 1861, such actions led to a serious conflict with the local authorities. As a result, the scientist was forced to resign.

Over the next four years, Pirogov lived abroad. He led a group of young professionals who went there for academic qualifications. As a teacher, Pirogov helped a lot of young people. So, it was he who first unraveled his giftedness in the famous scientist I. Mechnikov.

In 1866, Pirogov returned to his homeland. He came to his estate near Vinnitsa and organized a hospital there, free of charge. In his estate, he lived almost without a break. Only occasionally traveled to the capital and other countries. The famous surgeon was invited there to give his lectures.

In 1877, the Russian-Turkish war began. And Pirogov again found himself in the midst of formidable events. He arrived in Bulgaria and, as always, began to operate on soldiers. Based on the results of this military campaign, the famous surgeon published his next work on the “military medical business” in Bulgaria in the late 70s of the nineteenth century.

In the spring of 1881, the public celebrated the half-century anniversary of Pirogov's scientific work. Famous people from different countries came to honor the scientist. It was then, during the celebrations, he was given a terrible diagnosis - oncology.

After that, Nikolai Ivanovich went to Vienna to be operated on. But it was already too late. At the very beginning of December 1881, the unique scientist died. And shortly before his death, Pirogov discovered a new way of embalming the dead. By this method, the body of the surgeon himself was also embalmed. It is buried in a tomb in his estate. During the Great Patriotic War, one of Hitler's headquarters was located on this territory. Fortunately, the invaders did not disturb the ashes of the great doctor.

SECOND WIFE OF N. I. PIROGOV

As for the personal life of the famous surgeon, Nikolai Pirogov was married twice. The first wife of the surgeon was Ekaterina Berezina. She was born into a well-born, but very impoverished family. In marriage, she lived with Pirogov for only 4 years. During this time, she managed to give Pirogov two sons. His wife died while giving birth to their youngest son. For Pirogov, the death of his wife was a terrible and heavy blow. By and large, he blamed himself for a long time and believed that he could save his wife. The death of his wife caused Nikolai severe stress, after which he was unable to operate for six months.

N. I. PIROGOV WITH SONS

After the death of his wife, Nikolai Ivanovich tried to marry two more times. All of these cases were unsuccessful. And then he was told about a certain 22-year-old girl. She was nicknamed "the lady of conviction". We are talking about Baroness Alexandra Bistrom. She admired the scientist's articles and was generally very interested in science. So Pirogov found a congenial woman. The scientist proposed to Bistrom, and she, of course, agreed. After the marriage, the couple began to operate on patients together. Pirogov led the process of the operation itself, and the baroness assisted him. The great surgeon was then forty years old. With Alexandra Bistorm, he lived until the end of his days. Nikolai Pirogov did not make children from his second marriage. The wife survived Nikolai Ivanovich for 21 years.

None of the sons followed in the footsteps of their famous surgeon father. The eldest son became a physicist, and the second a historian-archaeologist.

Being an outstanding doctor, Pirogov himself had an addiction - smoking, and he smoked a lot. It was this habit that caused the death of Pirogov, smoking is not just harmful, people die from it. By the end of his life, Pirogov had many health problems, but the main role in the onset of his death was played by a cancerous tumor in the oral cavity caused by smoking.

PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF N. I. PIROGOV:

At the age of 14, he entered the Moscow State University at the Faculty of Medicine. In 1828, he brilliantly graduated from it and from 1828 to 1832 he was preparing to receive the title of professor at the University of Dorpat under the guidance of Professor I.F. Moyer. At this time, he is working on his dissertation "Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fasciae."

On August 31, 1832, he defended his dissertation and received the title of professor, after which he decided to go abroad to study with the best scientists in Germany to improve his skills and knowledge. From 1833-1835 - training in Germany, mainly anatomy and surgery.

After his return, he was promised a position as head of the University of Dorpat, but he never got the position of head, as he was forced to stay late due to illness, and at that time another head was appointed.

From 1836 to 1840, Pirogov worked as a professor at the same Dorpat University. In 1841-1856, he worked as a professor of the hospital surgical clinic, pathological and surgical anatomy, and was the head of the Institute of Practical Anatomy of the St. Petersburg Medical and Surgical Academy.

In 1847 he voluntarily went to the front, to the Caucasus (Caucasian War), in the same year he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1854 he voluntarily went to Sevastopol to participate in the defense of Sevastopol. After returning, he was appointed by Alexander the second trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, in this position he worked from 1856 to 1861.

In 1862-1866 he became a leader for young Russian scientists sent to study abroad - in Heidelberg. In fact, he spent these 4 years abroad. Since 1866, after returning from abroad, he lives in his estate in the village of Vishnya. Periodically advising on military field surgery during the Franco-Russian and Russian-Turkish wars. In 1879-1881, Pirogov worked on the Diary of an Old Doctor, which he managed to complete on the eve of his death.

At a time when anesthesia was not yet used, that is, drugs capable of anesthetizing the patient during the operation, the surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was able to perform operations quickly and well (one of the most famous cases when he removed stones from the gallbladder in less than 2 minutes) .

In addition to being famous as a surgeon for the speed of his operations, he had a high survival rate of patients after operations, even seriously ill patients, compared with many of his colleagues. To do this, he used various new techniques and discoveries he developed.

To study the human body, Pirogov developed the "ice sculpture" method. To study the organ or system of interest to him, he froze the corpse, and then, gradually getting to the necessary organ, he could study it in full. It was with the help of this method that he created his detailed atlas "Topographic Anatomy, illustrated by cuts through frozen human corpses."

Pirogov became the founder of topographic anatomy and military field surgery. He was the first to use artificial composition to lengthen a short limb. He believed that antiseptics were of great importance for surgery. Among the first began to use them and promote their use in surgery.

Contemporaries attributed to Pirogov another discovery - an operation according to Pirogov, this operation concerned the amputation of limbs. Pirogov, who always tried to be gentle with his patients and took care of them not only during treatment, but also thought about how they would exist after, began to amputate limbs using his own method, cutting lower than before. On such limbs it was possible to somehow hobble on their own.

During the creation of his famous atlas on topographic anatomy, Pirogov was so fascinated by the work that he could not leave the “dead room” for days, as a result, he himself had to be on bed rest for some time after inhaling harmful fumes.

During wars, he always volunteered to go to the front. In total, he participated in four wars: Crimean, Caucasian, Russian-Turkish, Franco-Prussian. On wounded soldiers, he used his techniques and various discoveries, saving many lives. It was during such wars that he invented the plaster cast (1854). And later, during the Crimean War, he began to apply plaster in the treatment of fractures.

During the defense of Sevastopol in 1855, he founded the institute of sisters of mercy, the women of this institute cared for the wounded. Daria Alexandrovna Sevastopolskaya (Daria Tkach) is considered the first sister of mercy. Later, the work of the sisters of mercy began to be used in hospital conditions.

Pirogov became the founder of ether anesthesia. For the first time, such anesthesia was used on a patient before an operation by Nikolai Pirogov in 1847 on one of the wounded soldiers during the Caucasian War (before that, he had conducted anesthesia studies on himself).

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was the first to propose the sorting of the wounded in war conditions. This sorting allowed faster and better assistance to the soldiers. The developed sorting of patients is still used today.

Nikolai Ivanovich treated people with different incomes, he could give out medicines to the poor and perform operations completely free of charge.

He was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus for achievements in field surgery.

After his dismissal, Nikolai Ivanovich lived on his estate in the village of "Vishnya" near the Ukrainian city of Vinnitsa and organized a small free hospital there.

20 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT N. I. PIROGOV:

1. One of the hobbies of the outstanding physician was poetry.

2. In addition to poetry, the scientist and doctor was very fond of flowers, so another of his hobbies was growing flowers.

3. Amazingly quickly assimilating knowledge, Pirogov received a doctorate at the age of 22, and a professor at 26.

4. The scientist was friendly with the famous poet Vasily Zhukovsky, thereby contributing to the abolition of serfdom.

5. Pirogov smoked a lot throughout his life.

6. Pirogov actively taught medicine to his first wife, forcing her to sit over textbooks for many hours every day.

7. Nikolai Pirogov wrote wonderful poems, and in general was a talented poet.

8. For his work as a field surgeon, Nikolai Pirogov was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav.

9. Thanks to the invention of innovative methods of work, especially severe patients of Pirogov survived more often than other doctors.

10. Pirogov once removed stones from a patient's bladder in just 1.5 minutes.

11. Pirogov always went to the front voluntarily to personally test the new methods of wound treatment developed by him on the wounded.

12. During his life, Nikolai Pirogov made many important inventions. In particular, it was he who invented the plaster cast.

13. As a field surgeon, he visited four wars, where he saved more than one thousand lives.

14. The doctor himself actively disseminated new knowledge among medical workers.

15. Once, Pirogov performed more than 800 autopsies in a month and a half.

16. Within 4 hours after his death, the body of Nikolai Pirogov was embalmed. It is still stored, and the re-embalming procedure is carried out on average once every 5-6 years.

17. In 1847, Nikolai Pirogov became the first surgeon in the world to use ether anesthesia during surgery. Before giving it to patients, he experienced its effect on himself, not wanting to risk someone else's life.

18. Pirogov had two sons, but none of them became a doctor. They chose other professions: one of them became a physicist, and the other an archaeologist.

19. It was Pirogov who invented topographic anatomy, which will significantly replenish the knowledge of surgeons about the human body.

20. Nikolai Pirogov, for the first time in history, used an artificial compound to lengthen a too short limb.

MEMORY OF THE GREAT DOCTOR AND SCIENTIST:

* The name of a world-famous scientist, great surgeon and natural scientist is today borne by two medical universities, this is the second Moscow and Odessa.

*Petersburg Surgical Society is proudly named after him.

*Today, many discoveries and works of the great surgeon remain relevant. The memory of him will always be alive, and his name will continue to sound in the names of streets, universities and so on. His atlases are still the best works in their field.

*In many cities there are streets in honor of this surgeon, and in Moscow there is Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, on which there is an alley of life from medical buildings.

*On the same street there is a monument to Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (installed in 1897).

MONUMENT TO N. I. PIROGOV IN MOSCOW

photo from open sources