The Russian language is one of the world's communication languages. Russian language as one of the world languages Russian
Did you know that the world's most popular language is spoken by 1/7 of the world's population? And it's not English at all! There are more than 7,000 languages in the world, but 10 of them are the most popular. Is there a Russian language in this top ten? Answer under the cut...
No. 10 French - 150 million native speakers
French is spoken in 53 countries of the world, the main one being France. About 150 million speakers in the world. French is the official language of many international organizations: the European Union, the International Olympic Committee, the UN, etc.
No. 9. Indonesian - 200 million native speakers
Indonesian is spoken in 16 countries, including Indonesia, and has the status of a working language in East Timor. Indonesia is an island state with more than 13 thousand islands.
The Indonesian language evolved from Malay in the 20th century and is the most widely spoken dialect of the Malay language.
No. 8. Portuguese - 240 million speakers
Portuguese is spoken in 12 countries around the world. Portuguese is the official language of Brazil.
In the 12th century, Portugal became independent from Spain and spread its possessions around the world thanks to navigators. Having founded colonies in Brazil, Angola, Macau, Mozambique, Venezuela and other countries, the Portuguese made their language one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Portuguese is one of the official languages of the European Union and other international organizations.
No. 7. Bengali language - 250 million speakers
Bengali is spoken in Bangladesh and some states of India. For Bangladesh, Bengali is the official language and for India it is the second most spoken language.
No. 6. Russian - 260 million speakers
Russian is spoken in 17 countries of the world. Russian is the official language of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Widely distributed in Ukraine, Latvia and Estonia. To a lesser extent in the countries that were part of the Soviet Union.
Russian is one of the six official languages of the UN, the most widely spoken language in Europe and the most widely spoken Slavic language in the world.
No. 5. Arabic - 267 million native speakers
Arabic is spoken in 58 countries around the world. The largest number of Arabic speakers is concentrated in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt.
The Arabic language is also spreading around the world thanks to the main book of Muslims - the Koran. Arabic became the sixth official language of the UN in 1974.
No. 4. Spanish - 427 million native speakers
Spanish is spoken in 31 countries around the world. Spanish originated in Spain in the Middle Ages and spread throughout the world during the Great Geographical Discoveries. Spanish is the official language of international organizations: the UN, the European Union, the Union of South American Nations, etc.
No. 3. Hindi - 490 million speakers
Hindi is spoken in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Many predict that Hindi will soon become the most spoken language in the world and overtake China, but when and if this will happen remains unknown.
No. 2. English - 600 million native speakers
English is the most widely spoken language in the world in terms of the number of countries it covers - 106 countries. English is the official and primary language in the UK. In countries such as India, Ireland, New Zealand, Canada and the Philippines, English is used as an official language, but in addition to it, there are also their official languages.
No. 1. Chinese - 1.3 billion native speakers
Chinese is the official language of the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and Singapore. It is spoken by more than 1.3 billion people all over the world, and therefore it ranks first in the list of the most widely spoken languages in the world.
Chinese is considered the most difficult language in the world. Chinese is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
Russian is the language of interethnic communication. The importance of the Russian language is great. This is explained by the fact that it acts in different conditions both as the native language of the Russian people, and as the state language of the Russian Federation, and as one of the world's languages of communication in the near and far abroad.
"World languages are some of the most common languages used among themselves by representatives of different peoples outside the territories inhabited by people for whom they were originally native." In determining the composition of world languages, the number of speakers in it both in the country where native speakers live and abroad, authority, the role of the country of this language in history and modernity are taken into account; the formation of the national language, which has a long written tradition; established norms, well researched and described in grammars, dictionaries, textbooks.
World languages cover international spheres - diplomacy, world trade, tourism. Scientists from different countries communicate on them, they are studied as "foreign languages" (that is, as a compulsory subject in universities and schools in most countries of the world). These languages are the "working languages" of the United Nations (UN).
The United Nations recognizes English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Chinese and Hindi as official world languages. Any document in the UN is distributed in these languages.
The Russian language has become a universally recognized world language since the middle of the 20th century. Its global significance is due to the fact that it is one of the richest languages in the world, in which the greatest fiction has been created. Russian is one of the Indo-European languages, related to many Slavic languages. Many words of the Russian language entered the languages of the peoples of the world without translation. These borrowings from the Russian language or through it have been observed for a long time. Back in the 16th-17th centuries, Europeans learned such words as the Kremlin, tsar, boyar, Cossack, caftan, hut, verst, balalaika, penny, pancake, kvass, etc. through the Russian language. Later, the words Decembrist, samovar, sundress spread in Europe , ditty, etc. As evidence of attention to changes in the socio-political life of Russia, words such as perestroika, glasnost, etc. have entered the languages of the peoples of the world.
The richness of the Russian language and the literature created on it arouses interest in this language all over the world. It is studied not only by students, schoolchildren, but also by adults. In order to assist in teaching the Russian language outside our country, back in 1967, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature was established in Paris. MAPRYAL publishes magazines and methodological literature for foreign teachers of the Russian language and literature in our country, holds international Olympiads in the Russian language among schoolchildren from different countries.
1. In which word does the letter not denote a sound?
A) face
B) wave
C) Days
D) book
E) Shadow
2. Specify the word with ь (soft sign).
A) Ad ... deutant.
C) Interview ... yu.
C) From ... drive.
D) Volume ... eat.
E) From ... yana.
3. Indicate the word in which the letter y is missing after q
A) C ... lindr
C) C ... bug
C) Ts ... nga
E) C ... films
E) C ... fra.
4. Checked unstressed vowels in the root of words.
A) Wealth, veteran. C) Battery, blockade. C) Vitamin, Showcase. D) Banana, banquet. E) Glass, area.
5. Select the line with the letter o at the root.
A) Increment ... schenie, sub ... sti. B) Narrative, dor…sti E) Vyr ... becoming, ascending ... st. E) Dissolve ... become, wed ... stay.
6. A phrase in which a compound word is written together.
A) Be in (half) a turn. C) Eat (half) a watermelon C) (Half) a century later. E) Bypass (half) Akmola. E) Write out (half) the sheet.
7. A neuter compound word in:
A) KazGU. B) caretaker. C) Fish farm E) UN. E) nuclear power plant.
8. Indicate the correct version of the missing letters in the sentence: An eagle walks lazily ... along the coastal sand, occasionally looking at ... wai fish, swimming ... to the very shore.
A) and-and-and-and. B) i-i-i-i. C) e-i-i-i. D) e-i-i-e. E) i-i-i-i.
9. Specify impersonal verbs:
A) sleeping. B) cuts. C) unwell. D) lives. E) play.
10. Indicate the sentence in which the subject is expressed by the numeral.
a) Five is not divisible by two. C) Singing from someone else's voice is always bad
C) There is one bird that is not afraid of people. D) Let the storm come on. E) With the strong, the powerless is always to blame.
11. Indicate a sentence with a compound nominal predicate.
a) It was raining heavily. c) He will be glad to meet you.
C) Lilacs are blooming. D) The lilac is in bloom. E) The lilac will soon fade.
12. Indicate the correct version of the missing letters in the sentence: I wanted to back ... laugh in bright rooms, sit in chairs upholstered in thin silk in delicate flowers, drink from beautifully painted ... porcelain cups.
A) i-e-n-a. C) e-e-nn-o. C) e-e-nn-a D) e-o-nn-a. E) e-e-n-o.
13. The superlative adjective is: My father is the fairest person I have ever met.
A) circumstance. B) predicate. C) Subject.
D) Definition. E) addition.
14. Indicate the verb with the ending -yat in the form of the 3rd person plural of the present tense.
A) fluctuate - hesitate .... C) Wash - mo ... . C) Shave - bre ....
D) Drive - gon .... E) Suffer - suffering ....
15. Specify the verb I of conjugation.
A) Discuss. B) Discuss. C) present. D) offer. E) provide.
16. In these sentences, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. Find the excess.
A) Happiness is a pure conscience. C) Knowing a lot is not enough to sleep.
C) People's rumor that the sea wave. E) Self-irony is a sign of a developed mind. E) Two times two is four.
17. Choose a sentence with an introductory word.
a) He just called. C) It is unlikely that he will come today.
C) He is definitely delusional. D) Not a single thing was visible in the yard.
E) Apparently the letter has not yet reached the address.
18. Indicate the sentence in which the circumstance is expressed by a stable combination.
A) The heroes of Gogol's story quarreled over a trifle.
C) A jet of water shines on the glass like the trail of a star. C) He showed up six months later. D) A city will be founded here. To spite an arrogant neighbor.
E) He apologized, bowing his head.
19. Determine the phrase used according to the method of management:
A) Very close. B) Offer to come. C) work together. D) Met a friend. E) Walk during the day.
20.Find the BSP, between the parts of which a dash is placed:
A) Cannonballs roll, bullets whistle, cold bayonets hang.
C) I'm sad, I don't have a friend.
C) Before the sun had time to warm the earth, the whole sky hummed.
D) We must take an umbrella. It starts to rain.
E) The sky was already breathing in autumn, the sun was shining less often.
21. Word with stress on the first syllable:
A) Right wing. B) Heck. C) phenomenon.
D) scoop. E) porcelain.
22. Synonym for the word rare:
A) supernatural. B) outlandish.
C) faultless. D) faultless. E) graceful.
23. Indicate the number of commas in the sentence: With the Ivashins, he was his own man and had a tender paternal feeling for Zina and admired her.
A) One. At three o'clok. C) Zero. D) four. E) two.
24. Indicate the phrase in which the adjective is written with the suffix -k-:
A) strong wind. B) French. C) Kazakh custom. D) heroic appearance. E) Kyrgyz horse.
25. Logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appeal are characteristic of the style:
A) colloquial. B) scientific. C) official business. D) journalistic. E) artistic.
At the beginning of the 21st century, more than 250 million people in the world speak Russian to some extent. The bulk of Russian speakers live in Russia (143.7 million according to the 1989 All-Union Population Census) and in other states (88.8 million) that were part of the USSR.
Representatives of different peoples of the world speak Russian, communicating not only with Russians, but also among themselves.
Just like English and some other languages, Russian is widely spoken outside of Russia. It is used in various areas of international communication: at the negotiations of the CIS member states, at the forums of international organizations, including the UN, in world communication systems (on television, on the Internet), in international aviation and space communications. The Russian language is the language of international scientific communication and is used at many international scientific conferences in the humanities and natural sciences.
The Russian language ranks fifth in the world in terms of the absolute number of those who speak it (after Chinese, Hindi and Urdu together, English and Spanish), but this feature is not the main one in determining the world language. For a "world language" it is not the number of those who speak it, especially as a native language, that is essential, but the global settlement of native speakers, the coverage of different countries, the maximum number of countries, as well as the most influential social strata of the population in different countries. Of great importance is the universal significance of fiction, the entire culture created in this language (Kostomarov V.G. Russian language in international communication.//Russian language. Encyclopedia. M .: 1997. P. 445).
Russian is studied as a foreign language in many countries of the world. Russian language and literature are studied at leading universities in the USA, Germany, France, China and other countries.
The Russian language, like other "world languages", is highly informative, i.e. wide possibilities of expression and transmission of thought. The informational value of a language depends on the quality and quantity of information presented in that language in original and translated publications.
The traditional sphere of use of the Russian language outside the Russian Federation was the republics within the Soviet Union; it was studied in the countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, East Germany), as well as by students from around the world who studied in the USSR.
After the start of reforms in Russia, the country became more open to international contacts. Citizens of Russia began to visit abroad more often, and foreigners more often visit Russia. The Russian language began to attract more attention in some foreign countries. It is studied in Europe and the USA, India and China.
Interest in the Russian language abroad largely depends on both political factors (the stability of the social situation in Russia, the development of democratic institutions, readiness for dialogue with foreign partners) and cultural factors (interest in Russia in foreign languages and cultures, improvement of forms and methods Russian language teaching).
In the context of the expansion of international communication in Russian, the quality of speech of people for whom Russian is their native language becomes a significant factor in its further development, since the speech errors of native speakers are perceived by people who study Russian as a language of interethnic communication or as a foreign language, as correct speech patterns, as the norm of Russian speech.
The integration processes taking place in the modern world contribute to increasing the role of "world languages", deepening the interaction between them. An international fund of scientific, technical and cultural vocabulary is growing, common to many languages. Computer terms, vocabulary related to sports, tourism, goods and services are gaining worldwide distribution.
In the process of interaction between languages, the Russian language is replenished with international vocabulary, and is itself a source of lexical borrowings for the languages of neighboring countries.
Russian language among other languages of the world.
According to the total number of speakers, the Russian language ranks among the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to determine this place precisely. The number of people who consider Russian as their mother tongue exceeds 200 million people, 130 million of whom live in Russia. The number of people who are fluent in Russian and use it as a first or second language in everyday communication is estimated at 300-350 million. In total, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.
In the post-Soviet space, in addition to Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. These are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
In Belarus, the majority of the population speaks Russian in everyday life and in general in everyday communication, and in the cities, young people and many middle-aged people in Russian speech practically lack even the Belarusian accent that was characteristic in the past. At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state where the state status of the Russian language was confirmed in a referendum by an overwhelming majority of votes. Almost all official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.
The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complex. In the 1990s, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan decreased markedly, and Kazakhs became the national majority for the first time since the 1930s. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, since the mid-nineties there has been a law equating the Russian language in all official areas with the state language. And in practice, in most state institutions of the city and regional level, as well as in the capital's government institutions, the Russian language is used more often than Kazakh. The reason is simple and quite pragmatic. Representatives of different nationalities work in these institutions - Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Koreans. At the same time, absolutely all educated Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, while representatives of other nationalities know Kazakh much worse.
A similar situation is observed in Kyrgyzstan, where there is also a law giving the Russian language official status, and in everyday communication, Russian speech in cities can be heard more often than Kyrgyz. Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is not officially regulated in any way, but in the cities the majority of residents of the indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communication. This is again facilitated by the multinational character of the population of Azerbaijan.
For national minorities since the times of the Soviet Union, the language of interethnic communication has been Russian. Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here the language situation is peculiar, and the language policy sometimes takes on extremely strange forms. The entire population of the east and south of Ukraine speaks Russian, and the population of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Ukraine speaks dialects that are considered a separate Rusyn language in neighboring countries (Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia).
In the Baltic countries, young people who were born in Latvia and Estonia already in the period of independence speak Russian well enough to understand each other. And cases when a Latvian or an Estonian refuses to speak Russian on principle are rare. In Lithuania, the language policy was initially softer. In Georgia and Armenia, the Russian language has the status of a national minority language. In Armenia, the proportion of Russians in the total population is very small, but a significant proportion of Armenians can speak Russian well. In Georgia, the situation is approximately the same, and the Russian language is more common in communication in those places where the proportion of the foreign-speaking population is large. However, among young people, knowledge of the Russian language in Georgia is very weak. In Moldova, the Russian language has no official status (with the exception of Transnistria and Gagauzia), but de facto it can be used in the official sphere.
In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is less commonly used than in neighboring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In Tajikistan, according to the Constitution, the Russian language is the language of interethnic communication, in Uzbekistan it has the status of a national minority language, in Turkmenistan the situation remains unclear. One way or another, the Russian language is still the language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. Moreover, the main role here is played not by the position of the state, but by the attitude of the population. But in the Far Abroad, the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, is one of the languages that are lost in two generations. First-generation Russian emigrants prefer to speak Russian, and many of them do not fully acquire the language of the new country and speak with a strong accent. But already their children speak the local language with almost no accent and prefer the local language in communication. They speak Russian only with their parents, and recently also on the Internet. And by the way, the Internet plays an extremely important role in preserving the Russian language in the diaspora. But on the other hand, in the third or fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of emigrants is revived, and they begin to specifically learn the language of their ancestors. Including Russian.
In the 1970s and 1980s, with an almost complete break in ties with the USSR, the Russian language gave way to English or Hebrew much faster than now, when any emigrant can keep in touch with relatives, friends and acquaintances via the Internet. In the seventies and eighties in Israel, emigrants from Russia learned Hebrew at an accelerated pace. And in the nineties, Israeli officials began to learn Russian at an accelerated pace, so as not to overload them with unnecessary work translation agencies. Today, in the last year, related to the "zero", the Russian language not only remains the main language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. It is well spoken by the older generation and well explained by the younger generation in many countries of the former socialist bloc. One can only rejoice that the role of national languages has increased over the years in the post-Soviet space. But the Russian language continues to be the language of interethnic communication and one of the world languages, which is not in vain one of the official languages of the UN.
Russian is the mother tongue of 170 million people and 350 million understand it. It is the state language for 145 million Russians, the language of communication for more than 160 peoples and nationalities of Russia. The Russian language is studied by more than 180 million people on all continents of the planet. Russian is the language of Pushkin and Tolstoy, Brodsky and Pasternak. It brings to the world the great Russian culture and literature, inexhaustible spiritual wealth, the key to which is acquired by every student of the Russian language.
Literature:
Bibliography
1.Official languages of the UN
2.Aitmatov Ch.T "On the Russian language".
3. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of the word). M. Higher School, 1986.
4. Modern Russian language. Proceedings of E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk Part II. M. Publishing house of Moscow State University. 1997. 5. N., Pavlova. N.D., N.D. Zachesova Speech in human communication. Moscow: Nauka, 1989