List of Western European countries and their capitals. Eastern Europe Land country of Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe- These are the eastern territories of the European part of Eurasia. Its boundaries periodically changed, that is, they corresponded to the era. During the Cold War, Eastern Europe included all the Soviet countries, and after its end, many states began to belong to other regions.

Currently, the countries of Eastern Europe include: Belarus, Hungary, Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia (up to 22% of the territory), Poland, Romania, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Ukraine. But every year the map of Eastern Europe changes more and more. Some scholars and states do not consider Russia to be part of Europe, and some exclude Ukraine as well. Therefore, when defining Eastern Europe, it is often said that these are territories located between Central Europe and Western Asia, and these areas are based on Orthodox, Byzantine and Ottoman cultures.

The population of Eastern Europe is approximately 135 million inhabitants (excluding the population of Russia). The largest population is in Poland (38.6 million) and the smallest in Moldova (4.3 million). If we consider the ethnic composition, it is worth noting that the majority of the population belongs to the Slavic group of peoples. Main nationalities: Belarusians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Moldovans, Ukrainians and Russians.

The largest country in Eastern Europe is Ukraine with an area of ​​603.7 thousand km2, followed by Poland with 313 thousand km2 and Belarus with 208 thousand km2.

It should be noted that most of the countries of Eastern Europe have undergone many economic and geographical changes over the past half century. After the collapse of the USSR, new states were formed, and regimes and governments changed in the existing ones. At the same time, the economy of most Eastern European countries was developing rapidly, right up to the global crisis, now the pace of development has significantly decreased, but in general they are much higher than in other European countries.

The fall of the Iron Curtain brought about the end of the division into East and West, but the concept is still widely used in the media.

The culture of Eastern Europe has recently become strongly dependent on the West; national traditions, rituals and holidays are being lost. Young people are increasingly looking towards America with envy.

Eastern Europe

General information about the region

Economic and geographical position

The countries of Eastern Europe as a socio-political and economic integrity began to be distinguished in the 90s of the XX century. This is due to the collapse of the former USSR and the socialist system, the formation of independent states. The region covers 7 countries (table).

The economic and geographical position of Eastern Europe is distinguished by the following features:

Borders in the west with highly developed countries, and in the east and southeast with Russia and the countries of Southeast Europe - potential markets for Eastern Europe;

Passage through the region of trans-European transport routes of the meridional and latitudinal directions. The first of them connect the Scandinavian countries and Finland with the countries of the Danube basin and Southern Europe, and the second provide a connection between the east and west of the mainland;

Access to the Baltic Sea, which provides a direct benefit for transport and trade relations;

The second half of the 80s of the XX century. entered the history of these countries as a period of fundamental socio-political changes. In Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the USSR, the political regimes created after the Second World War on the model of the Stalinist administrative-command system experienced the collapse. The ruling communist and workers' parties one after another lost their monopoly on power, most of them disintegrated.

Political and socio-economic changes influenced the formation of the modern political map of Eastern Europe.

Table

Eastern European countries

As a result of the collapse of the USSR, independent states were formed: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.

In the process of profound revolutionary changes, the countries of Eastern Europe entered a period of political and economic reforms, actively asserting the principles of real democracy, political pluralism, and a market economy. A multi-structural economy is being formed with equal forms of ownership, including private ones.

All countries in the region are members of the UN.

natural conditions. The relief is clearly visible: lowlands, hilly plains and mountains. The territory is predominantly flat. The mountain ranges are mostly located along the edges of the region - the Sudeten, Bohemian and Carpathian mountains.

The highest mountain system in the region is Carpathians, which form an arc convex to the northeast with a length of almost 1500 km. Average heights - 1000 m, the highest - 2655 m (Gerlachovsky Shtit in the Tatras). The Carpathian mountain system includes the Western and Eastern Carpathians, the Beskids, the Southern Carpathians, the Western Romanian Mountains, and the Transylvanian Plateau. There are many thermal springs.

Three-quarters of the region is covered by plains. Most of the lowlands are located in coastal areas and riverbeds: the Middle Danube, Black Sea, Severopolskaya, Pridneprovskaya lowlands.

Quite dense is the river network in the region. The plain Danube, Vistula, Oder, Tisza and their tributaries are predominantly full-flowing, have a calm current and therefore relatively low energy.

Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic do not have access to the oceans.

There are also many lakes here. Only in Lithuania there are almost 4000 of them. In Poland there are huge areas of swampy territories, the most famous are the Pripyat swamps.

There are healing mineral springs in Hungary, Lithuania (Druskininkai), Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary).

Climate. The prevailing part of the territory is temperate continental, the average January temperatures are -3...-5 C, July +20...+23° C, precipitation is up to 500-650 mm. Tropical air masses come mainly from the Mediterranean Sea in summer and predetermine cloudless and hot weather, warm (+2 ... + 4 ° C) and humid in winter.

Natural resources. The region has significant mineral resources. He fully satisfies his needs in coal(Upper Silesian (Poland), Kladno, Ostrava-Karvinsky (Czech Republic), brown coal, which is mined in all countries mainly in an open way - the central regions of Poland, the north of Hungary). Peat occurs in Poland, Lithuania, the largest reserves oil shale- in Estonia (Kohtla-Jarve). A significant part of the fuel and energy resources, especially oil and gas, the countries are forced to import.

Ore minerals are presented copper ores (Lower Silesian basin in Poland), bauxites(Northwest Hungary). Among non-metallic minerals there are important reserves of rock salt (lower reaches of the Vistula in Poland), sulfur (southeast and Carpathian region in Poland), amber (Latvia), phosphorites (Estonia).

forest resources the largest in Poland, Slovakia. The main part of the forest area is plantations that protect waters, fields, sea coast, landscape, as well as groves and parks in recreational areas.

Population

demographic features. The demographic situation is quite complex, which is due to the consequences of the Second World War, the growth of urbanization and the industrial development of states associated with it.

As in most other European countries, natural population growth has declined significantly in recent decades, primarily due to a sharp decline in the birth rate, and in all countries except Slovakia it has become negative. The number of people in the older age groups (65 years and older) has noticeably increased, which is 14%, while the number of young people (under 14) has decreased - 18% of the total population. The gender composition of the population is dominated by women (53%).

Racial composition. Among the inhabitants of the region, representatives of the transitional (Central European) group of the Caucasian race predominate with medium-intensive skin pigmentation, various eye colors (blue, gray, green, brown), hair of all shades: from blond to dark chestnut and black. On the coast of the Baltic Sea live groups of northern Caucasians, which are characterized by significant depigmentation of the skin, eyes and hair.

Ethnic composition. The countries have for the most part a heterogeneous ethnic composition. In many of them, Russians predominate among national minorities, for example, in Latvia (34%), Estonia (30%), Lithuania (9%). In other countries: Hungarians - in Slovakia, gypsies - in Hungary and Slovakia, Slovaks - in the Czech Republic. Poland is the only mono-ethnic country where Poles make up 98.5% of the population.

The population belongs mainly to two language families: the Indo-European - the most numerous, as part of the Slavic group (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks) and the Baltic group (Latvians, Lithuanians); Ural, represented by the Finno-Hungarian group (Hungarians, Estonians).

Religious composition. The region is dominated by Christianity, represented by all directions: Catholicism is practiced in Poland, Lithuania, Protestantism (Lutheranism) - in Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, about 60% of the population are Catholics, the rest are Protestants.

The region has a very dense network of urban settlements., most of which have been around for centuries. Unique not only for Poland, but for Europe in general is the Upper Silesian agglomeration (3.4 million people), which is a continuous urban settlement of more than 30 cities and workers' settlements within the Upper Silesian coal basin. The center of the agglomeration is the city of Katowice. The vast majority of urban residents are concentrated in the metropolitan agglomerations: Budapest (2.5 million), Warsaw (2.3 million).

The urban way of life is largely characteristic of the countryside as well. Western countries of the region (Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary). The rural population has a different type of settlement: group (village) - in the center, in the south and east of the region; farmhouse - in the Baltic States and Poland.

Since the mid-90s of the XX century. In the countries of Eastern Europe, the economic emigration of the population has increased significantly in search of work and permanent earnings. There is also noticeable intra-regional migration from the eastern regions to the economically developed western countries of the same region - Poland, the Czech Republic.

If you do not take into account dependent regions and not fully recognized states, then Europe for 2017 covers 44 powers. Each of them has a capital in which not only its administration is located, but also the highest authority, that is, the government of the state.

In contact with

States of Europe

The territory of Europe stretches from east to west for more than 3 thousand kilometers, and from south to north (from the island of Crete to the island of Svalbard) for 5 thousand kilometers. The European powers are, for the most part, comparatively small. With such small sizes of territories and good transport accessibility, these states either closely border on each other or are separated by very small distances.

The European continent is divided territorially into parts:

  • western;
  • eastern;
  • northern;
  • southern.

All powers located on the European continent belong to one of these territories.

  • There are 11 countries in the western region.
  • In the east - 10 (including Russia).
  • In the north - 8.
  • In the south - 15.

Let's list all the countries of Europe and their capitals. We will divide the list of countries and capitals of Europe into four parts according to the territorial and geographical position of the powers on the world map.

Western

List of states belonging to Western Europe, with a list of main cities:

The states of Western Europe are washed mainly by the currents of the Atlantic Ocean and only in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula border on the waters of the Arctic Ocean. In general, these are highly developed and prosperous powers. But they are distinguished by an unfavorable demographic situation. This is a low birth rate and a low level of natural increase of inhabitants. In Germany, there is even a decline in population. All this led to the fact that developed Western Europe began to play the role of a subregion in the global system of population migration, it turned into the main center of labor immigration.

Eastern

List of states located in the eastern zone of the European continent and their capitals:

The states of Eastern Europe have a lower level of economic development than their Western neighbors. However, they better preserved cultural and ethnic identity. Eastern Europe is more of a cultural and historical region than a geographical one. The Russian expanses can also be attributed to the eastern territory of Europe. And the geographical center of Eastern Europe is located approximately within Ukraine.

Northern

The list of states that make up northern Europe, including capitals, looks like this:

The territories of the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, the Baltic States, the islands of Svalbard and Iceland are included in the northern part of Europe. The population of these regions is only 4% of the entire European composition. Sweden is the largest country in the G8 and Iceland is the smallest. The population density in these lands is less in Europe - 22 people / m 2, and in Iceland - only 3 people / m 2. This is due to the harsh conditions of the climatic zone. But the economic indicators of development distinguish northern Europe as the leader of the entire world economy.

South

And finally, the most numerous list of territories located in the southern part, and the capitals of European states:

The Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas are occupied by these South European powers. Industry is developed here, especially ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The countries are rich in mineral resources. In agriculture, the main efforts focused on the cultivation of food products, such as:

  • grape;
  • olives;
  • pomegranate;
  • dates.

It is known that Spain is the world's leading country in the collection of olives. It is here that 45% of all olive oil in the world is produced. Spain is also famous for its famous artists - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro.

European Union

The idea of ​​creating a single community of European powers appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, or rather after the Second World War. The official unification of the countries of the European Union (EU) took place only in 1992, when this union was sealed by the legal consent of the parties. Over time, the number of members of the European Union has expanded, and now it includes 28 allies. And states that want to join these prosperous countries will have to prove their compliance with the European foundations and principles of the EU, such as:

  • protection of the rights of citizens;
  • democracy;
  • freedom of trade in a developed economy.

Members of the EU

The European Union for 2017 includes the following states:

There are now applicant countries to join this foreign community. These include:

  1. Albania.
  2. Serbia.
  3. Macedonia.
  4. Montenegro.
  5. Türkiye.

On the map of the European Union, you can clearly see its geography, the countries of Europe and their capitals.

Regulations and prerogatives of EU partners

The EU has a customs policy under which its members can trade with each other without duties and without restrictions. And in relation to other powers, the adopted customs tariff applies. Having common laws, the EU countries created a single market and introduced a single monetary currency - the euro. Many EU member states are part of the so-called Schengen zone, which allows their citizens to move freely through the territory of all allies.

The European Union has common governing bodies for member countries, which include:

  • European Court.
  • European Parliament.
  • European Commission.
  • The audit community that controls the EU budget.

Despite unity, the European states that have joined the community have full independence and state sovereignty. Each country uses its own national language and has its own governing bodies. But for all participants there are certain criteria, and they must meet them. For example, coordination of all important political decisions with the European Parliament.

It should be noted that since its founding, only one power has left the European community. It was Danish autonomy - Greenland. In 1985, she was outraged by the low quotas introduced by the European Union for fishing. You can also recall the sensational events in 2016 referendum in the UK, when the population voted to leave the country from the European Union. This suggests that even in such an influential and seemingly stable community, serious problems are brewing.

It is generally accepted to distinguish four regions within Europe: Northern, Southern, Western and Eastern. The countries of Eastern Europe are distinguished by a lower level of economic development than their western neighbors on the continent. However, they have preserved their cultural and ethnic identity much better. What countries are included in the Eastern European region?

Eastern Europe: the problem of region identification

The issue of regionalization of Europe is rather problematic. It should be noted right away that Eastern Europe is, first of all, a historical and cultural region, and not a geographical one. Indeed, by territorial standards, only the expanses of the Russian Federation can be attributed to the eastern part of Europe. And the geographical center of Europe is completely located within Ukraine.

Let's try to list all the countries of Eastern Europe. In this issue, too, not everything is so simple, since it is Eastern Europe that is the most problematic in the process of regionalization. Germany, for example, clearly does not belong to it. But such a country as Belarus belongs, moreover, according to all existing regional maps.

To date, there are several classifications. For example, according to one of them, only Russia, Ukraine and Belarus are included in the region of Eastern Europe. The most problematic are two regions: the Baltics and the Balkans. Some geographers believe that the Balkan and Baltic countries should be attributed to this region, while others are sure that they "do not belong" there.

It is worth noting an interesting feature in the process of regionalization of Europe: all the states of the Eastern European region previously belonged to the so-called Eastern bloc of states. These are the countries that, after the end of World War II, somehow fell under the influence of the USSR.

Eastern Europe: countries, list

Interestingly, before the outbreak of World War II, geographers drew the border between Eastern and Western Europe clearly along the line of demarcation between the German and Slavic nations.

Today the most popular is the regionalization of Europe from the UN statistics department. According to this international organization, 10 countries are currently part of the Eastern Europe region. Countries (the list is presented below) of this region are ranked by the number of people who live in each of them:

  1. European part of Russia (capital - Moscow).
  2. Ukraine, Kyiv).
  3. Poland Warsaw).
  4. Romania (Bucharest).
  5. Czech Republic, Prague).
  6. Hungary (Budapest).
  7. Belarus, Minsk).
  8. Bulgaria (Sofia).
  9. Slovakia (Bratislava).
  10. Moldova, Kishinev).

Almost all countries of Eastern Europe, with the exception of Hungary, Romania and Moldova, are Slavic states. Let's pay special attention to some of them.

Czech Republic - the tourist mecca of the region

The Czech Republic is a small state in the very center of Europe with a population of ten million inhabitants. Has no access to the seas. The basis of the economy of this country is the metallurgical industry, the chemical complex and mechanical engineering. It is here that the well-known in Europe automobile company Skoda, founded back in 1895, is located.

The Czech Republic is the country with the most developed tourism in the region. Tourists are attracted by ancient and beautiful cities, architecture and museums of old Prague, as well as stunning ski resorts. In addition, the Czech Republic is also considered the beer capital of Europe!

Poland - a country of storks and castles

Poland is a state in Eastern Europe with a rich history and a huge number of monuments. It is the "most Catholic" country in Europe. About 39 million people live here, 85% of whom profess Catholicism. More recently, Poland was in a deep economic crisis. However, in the 1990s, reforms were successfully carried out in the country, and today Poland is one of the most dynamically developing countries in Europe.

Delicious national cuisine, beautiful brick Gothic, hundreds of well-preserved castles - that's what makes Poland very attractive for tourists and travelers.

Romania is the most mysterious country in Eastern Europe

Speaking of Eastern Europe, one cannot fail to mention Romania. This mountainous country has always attracted attention with its mystery and mysticism. After all, it was here, in Transylvania, that the legendary Count Dracula lived, and today Romania successfully uses this moment to attract tourists to the country.

The Romanian economy is largely dependent on oil. Moreover, the country both extracts this natural resource and produces high-quality equipment for the oil industry. Income from tourism is growing every year. Since the early 2000s, Romanian exports have been steadily growing, but the state is still in dire need of investment.

Finally...

Thus, the countries of Eastern Europe today are ten independent states. All of them are very colorful, original and have preserved the richest cultural heritage on their lands.

The video tutorial allows you to get interesting and detailed information about the countries of Eastern Europe. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Eastern Europe, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical position, nature, climate, place in this subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about the main country of Eastern Europe - Poland.

Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe

Lesson: Eastern Europe

Rice. 1. Map of the subregions of Europe. Eastern Europe is highlighted in red. ()

Eastern Europe- cultural and geographical region, which includes states located in the east of Europe.

Compound:

1. Belarus.

2. Ukraine.

3. Bulgaria.

4. Hungary.

5. Moldova.

6. Poland.

7. Romania.

8. Slovakia.

In the post-war period, the industry actively grew and developed in all countries of the region, and non-ferrous metallurgy relies mainly on its own raw materials, while ferrous metallurgy relies on imported ones.

The industry is also represented in all countries, but is most developed in the Czech Republic (primarily machine tool building, production of household appliances and computer technology); Poland and Romania are distinguished by the production of metal-intensive machines and structures; in addition, shipbuilding is developed in Poland.

The region's chemical industry lags far behind Western Europe due to the lack of raw materials for the most advanced branches of chemistry - oil. But still, the pharmaceutical industry of Poland and Hungary, the glass industry of the Czech Republic can be noted.

Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes took place in the structure of the economy of the countries of Eastern Europe: agro-industrial complex arose, specialization of agricultural production took place. It manifested itself most clearly in grain farming and in the production of vegetables, fruits, and grapes.

The structure of the region's economy is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, the share of animal husbandry exceeds the share of crop production, in the rest - the ratio is still the opposite.

Due to the diversity of soil and climatic conditions, several zones of crop production can be distinguished: wheat is grown everywhere, but in the north (Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) rye and potatoes play an important role, vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated in the central part of the subregion, and the “southern” countries specialize in subtropical crops.

The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, fruits.

The main wheat and corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria).

Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing.

Vegetables, fruits, grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in the subregion, but there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. These countries and regions also have their own specialization in the range of products. For example, Hungary is famous for winter varieties of apples, grapes, onions; Bulgaria - oilseeds; Czech Republic - hops, etc.

Livestock. The northern and central countries of the region specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, while the southern countries specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool cattle breeding.

In Eastern Europe, lying at the crossroads that have long connected the eastern and western parts of Eurasia, the transport system has been formed over many centuries. Currently, rail transport is leading in terms of traffic volume, but automobile and sea transport are also intensively developing. The presence of the largest ports contributes to the development of foreign economic relations, shipbuilding, ship repair, and fishing.

Poland. The official name is the Republic of Poland. The capital is Warsaw. The population is 38.5 million people, of which more than 97% are Poles. Most are Catholics.

Rice. 3. Historic center of Warsaw ()

Poland borders on Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia; in addition, it borders on the sea areas (zones) of Denmark and Sweden.

About 2/3 of the territory in the north and in the center of the country is occupied by the Polish lowland. In the north - the Baltic Ridge, in the south and southeast - the Malopolska and Lublin Uplands, along the southern border - the Carpathians (the highest point is 2499 m, Mount Rysy in the Tatras) and the Sudetes. Large rivers - Vistula, Odra; dense river network. Lakes are predominantly in the north. Under the forest 28% of the territory.

Minerals of Poland: coal, sulfur, iron ore, various salts.

Upper Silesia is a region of concentration of Poland's industrial production of pan-European significance.

Poland generates almost all electricity at thermal power plants.

Leading manufacturing industries:

1. Mining.

2. Mechanical engineering (Poland occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of fishing vessels, freight and passenger cars, road and construction machines, machine tools, engines, electronics, industrial equipment, etc.).

3. Ferrous and non-ferrous (large zinc production) metallurgy.

4. Chemical (sulfuric acid, fertilizers, pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic products, photographic products).

5. Textile (cotton, linen, wool).

6. Sewing.

7. Cement.

8. Production of porcelain and faience.

9. Manufacture of sports goods (kayaks, yachts, tents, etc.).

10. Manufacture of furniture.

Poland has a highly developed agriculture. Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main crops are rye, wheat, barley, and oats.

Poland is a major producer of sugar beets (over 14 million tons per year), potatoes, and cabbage. The export of apples, strawberries, raspberries, currants, garlic and onions is of great importance.

The leading branch of animal husbandry is pig breeding, dairy and meat cattle breeding, poultry farming (Poland is one of the largest suppliers of eggs in Europe), and beekeeping.

Homework

Topic 6, Item 3

1. What are the features of the geographical location of Eastern Europe?

2. Name the main areas of specialization in Poland.

Bibliography

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Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().