Typology of the family in the psychological aspect. Family typology
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The relevance of the research topic is determined by the fact that the study of family and marriage is one of the most important tasks facing sociology. In any type of society, virtually every member comes from a family, and in any society, the vast majority of adults are, or have been, married. Marriage is one of
social institutions ,
which have become very widespread, although in different cultures the forms of marriage and family (as well as other aspects of social life) differ quite significantly. What's happened family, her relationships with other relatives, her choice of spouses, the relationship between marriage and sexuality all vary widely. In this chapter, we will look at some of these differences and show how they can help in studying the characteristics of family life, forms of marriage and divorce in modern Western society. The family is an integral unit of society, and it is impossible to reduce its importance. Not a single nation, not a single civilized society could do without a family. The foreseeable future of society is also not conceivable without a family. For every person, the family is the beginning of the beginning. Almost every person associates the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family: happy is the one who is happy in his home.
The classical definition of a family says that a family is a small social group whose members are connected by marriage, parenthood and kinship, common life, a common budget and mutual moral responsibility.
The family is a cell (small social group) of society, the most important form of organizing personal life, based on marital union and family ties, i.e. relations between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, and other relatives living together and leading a common household on the basis of a single family budget. Family life is characterized by material and spiritual processes. Through the family, generations of people are replaced, a person is born in it, the race continues through it. The family, its forms and functions directly depend on social relations in general, as well as on the level of cultural development of society. Naturally, the higher the culture of society, therefore, the higher the culture of the family. The concept of family should not be confused with the concept of marriage.
Life in a family is impossible without communication in it, communication between husband and wife, between parents and children in the process of everyday relationships. Communication in the family is the relationship of family members to each other and their interaction, the exchange of information between them, their spiritual contact.
The main purpose of the family is the satisfaction of social, group and individual needs. As a social cell of society, the family satisfies a number of its most important needs, including in the reproduction of the population. At the same time, it satisfies the personal needs of each of its members, as well as general family (group) needs.
Marriage can be defined as a socially accepted and approved sexual union between two adults. Married individuals become related to each other, but their marital obligations bind a much wider circle of people by kinship ties. Upon marriage, parents, brothers, sisters and other blood relatives of one party become relatives of the opposite party.
Work tasks:
- give the concept of the family and characterize the main functions of the family as the most important social institution;
- to give a typology of the modern family;
- to consider the main stages of social work of the family.
The family is one of the most ancient social institutions. It arose much earlier than religion, state, army, education, market.
Thinkers of the past approached the definition of the nature and essence of the family in different ways. One of the first attempts to determine the nature of marriage and family relations belongs to the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. He considered the patriarchal family to be an invariable, initial social cell, since states arise as a result of the union of families. However, Plato was not consistent in his views on the family. In the projects of the “Ideal State”, in order to achieve social cohesion, he proposed the introduction of a community of wives, children and property. This idea was not new. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus in his famous "History" notes that the community of women was a hallmark of a number of tribes. Such information is found throughout the ancient era.
Aristotle, criticizing the projects of the "Ideal State", develops Plato's idea of the patriarchal family as the initial and main unit of society. At the same time, families form "villages", and the combination of "villages" - the state.
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, developing the problems of moral and civil philosophy, refuted the point of view on marriage as something unclean, devoid of holiness, wishing to return to the earthly institution of marriage its spiritual value.
The French educator Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote: “The oldest of all societies and the only natural one is the family. Thus, the family is, if you like, the prototype of political societies…” 1 .
Philosophers of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and partly even modern times derive social relations from family relations, focus on the relationship of the family to the state, and not on characterizing it as a special social institution. To a certain extent, these views were shared even by the German philosophers Kant and Hegel.
Kant saw the basis of the family in the legal order, and Hegel in the absolute idea. Note that scientists who recognize the eternity and originality of monogamy actually equate the concepts of "marriage" and "family", the differences between them are reduced to a formal beginning. Of course, there is a close relationship between the concepts of "marriage" and "family". Not without reason in the literature of the past, and sometimes of the present, they are often used as synonyms. However, in the essence of these concepts there is not only a general, but also a lot of special, specific. So, scientists have convincingly proved that marriage and the family arose in different historical periods. Modern sociologists define marriage as a historically changing social form of relationship between a woman and a man, through which society regulates and sanctions their sexual life and establishes their marital and parental rights and obligations.
The family is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since, as a rule, it unites not only spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives or just those close to spouses and the people they need.
The existence of the family, like all social institutions, is determined by social needs. Like all social institutions, the family is a system of actions and relationships necessary for the existence and development of society. “A family is a small social group whose members are united by marriage or consanguinity, common life, mutual assistance, and mutual and moral responsibility” 1 .
Through the family, the unity of social and natural in a person, social and biological heredity is most fully expressed. In its essence, the family is the primary link between nature and society, the material and spiritual aspects of people's life.
The life cycle of a family - a sequence of significant, milestone events in the existence of a family - begins with marriage and ends with its dissolution, that is, divorce. Undivorced spouses, passing through all stages of the life cycle, have served as an ideal type for scientists to distinguish the stages of the family life cycle. It is much more difficult to build a life cycle diagram for spouses who have divorced several times and created repeated families.
In short, the life cycle of a family is as follows. Marriage is the first or initial stage of the family. After some time, the young spouses have their first child. This phase continues from the moment of marriage to the birth of the last child and is called the stage of family growth.
The second stage begins from the moment the last child is born and continues until the time when the first adult child, who has acquired his own family, moves out of the parental family.
At the third stage, the process of resettling adult children continues. It can be very long if the children are born at long intervals, and very short if the children following one after another by year of birth leave the family in turn. It is called the "mature" phase. At this time, the first settled children have their own children and the parental family often turns into a place where grandchildren are brought up.
The fourth stage is the stage of loneliness in old age, or the stage of “fading”. It ends with the death of one or both spouses.
The final stage of the life cycle, as it were, repeats the first one - the married couple is left alone with themselves. The difference is only in age - in the beginning they are a young couple, and now they are old.
There are two main types of family - extended (or multi-generational), it is also called
traditional (classical) and modern nuclear
(two-generation) family.
The family is called nuclear because the demographic core of the family responsible for the reproduction of new generations is the parents and their children. They constitute the biological, social and economic center of any family. All other relatives belong to the periphery of the family. If they all live together, then the family is called
extended. It expands at the expense of 3-4 generations of direct relatives. The nuclear family can be complete or incomplete. A complete family is a family in which there are two spouses, an incomplete family is a family in which one of the spouses is missing. It should be noted that the nuclear family is possible in those societies where adult children have the opportunity after marriage to live separately from the parental family.
There is also a parental family, or family of origin, and procreational, or newly formed (it is created by adult children).
According to the number of children, the childless are distinguished ,
one-child and large families. According to the criterion of domination in the family of a husband or wife, patriarchal and matriarchal families are distinguished, and according to the criterion of leadership - paternal (the head of the family is a man), material (the head of the family is a woman) and
equalitarian
(both spouses are equally considered the head of the family).
Also, modern families differ in other ways: by the number of employed family members, by the number of children under 18, by types of housing, size of living space, by type of settlement, by ethnic composition, etc.
The family can be seen as a social institution, and as a family group that performs a specific social task.
We can distinguish the following main functions of the family that contribute to the implementation of this task:
Incomplete families, including functionally incomplete families in which there are two parents, but various reasons leave them little time for the family (identified through schools, kindergartens, institutions of additional education);
Families where relations between parents are tense or an application for divorce has been filed (track through the registry office, “Family” centers). Particular attention should be paid to a family with one child, because. according to research by J. Wallerstein, the only child is most vulnerable in the event of a family breakdown;
Families with a recent death of a relative (A.K. Beck, G. Brown), because negative consequences are reflected in the development of the individual and can result in depression. (search for families through the registry office, individual work).
In accordance with this, three related tasks of "early intervention" can be formulated:
Systematic monitoring of the status and condition of the family, the dynamics of its interpersonal and social relations in the process of patronage work (implementation of technology on the basis of the Family Center);
Creation of socio-psychological conditions for overcoming family conflict and crisis conditions. (consulting and therapeutic groups at social institutions for parents, work with children in educational institutions). The solution of this problem assumes that the interaction is built according to flexible schemes, changing depending on the actually observed family relations;
- creation of special conditions for providing assistance and support to the family as a whole or to those of its members who have problems of a psychological, physical or social nature. To solve this problem, the temporary placement of children in family educational groups is especially effective. This makes it possible to implement rehabilitation technology in relation to children during the required period of time. At the same time, specialists work with parents, provide the necessary assistance and support.
There are various models of family assistance that a social educator can use to improve the educational function of the family, depending on the nature of the causes that cause problems in parent-child and marital relations: pedagogical, social, psychological (psychotherapeutic), diagnostic, medical.
To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to familiarize yourself with the algorithm proposed below for working with a dysfunctional family, at all stages of the implementation of which the active intervention of specialists is necessary.
The stage is organizational. The main method of work at this stage is peer review. It is aimed at clarifying the degree of need for intervention in the family problem. Experts have identified some criteria by which it can be determined that changes in the family are necessary:
There is no clear family structure (it is not known what type of relationship is authoritarian or democratic, the role functions of family members, who is involved in raising children, relationships between spouses);
There are inadequate or incorrect boundaries between the family and the outside world, between representatives of different generations (there is no authority of elders, children perform "adult duties";
There is a disintegration of the hierarchy (there is no authority of parents, respect for each other);
Creation of an erroneous system of relationships (for example, in a divorce, the daughter begins to independently manage the household instead of the mother, or the son plays the role of “head of the family”).
When determining the need for intervention, the first thing that specialists should pay attention to is the study of the family environment, the relationships of family members, family history, while focusing on the moment the problem arose (causes, time period). At the same time, there is a gradual shift in analysis to periods of successful overcoming of conflicts and crises by the family.
The stage is functional. Family resources are being mobilized. In psychological terms, the task is the normalization of family relations - the acceptance by parents of their own parents, each other and the child. During this period, a family rehabilitation environment is created for the child - work with specialists either within the family (visits, conversations) or outside it, within the framework of a specialized institution for minors when organizing visits by relatives, identifying the desire and possibility of returning to the family. In social terms, if necessary, labor activation of family members is possible (employment, stabilization of earnings, activation of the role of parents). At the same time, upon request, the family is provided with targeted social (household, material, financial) assistance, assistance in organizing treatment (in the presence of serious illnesses, alcohol and drug addiction).
After that, research and elimination of conflicts in the development of the family is carried out - this process involves the desire and active participation of family members - the object of influence. the basis of preventive and corrective work is the formation of skills and values of a healthy lifestyle. here we can talk about secondary prevention - prevention of recurrence of the occurrence of such problematic situations.
Control. The dynamics of family development is revealed - the financial situation, living conditions, relationships between family members are studied. In addition, during the required period of time (determined by specialists), family patronage is carried out in order to confirm and consolidate positive changes. At this stage, the family, which has not yet been removed from the "risk group", moves on to rehabilitation self-development by building up their own potential, receiving regular social assistance.
At all stages, in parallel with the social process, the work algorithm includes the organization of a system for monitoring the development of a dysfunctional family, determining the forms and methods of prevention and correction. This allows not only to study the effectiveness of working with a particular family, to implement an interdepartmental approach to the rehabilitation process, but also to create a bank of problem situations that allows you to develop an algorithm of work in relation to the type of a particular situation, and focusing on a particular family, select forms and methods of work.
Specialists have identified several models for organizing work with dysfunctional families, namely 1:
Diagnostic- is based on the assumption of a lack of knowledge about the child or his family. The object of diagnosis is the socio-psychological climate of intra-family communications, i.e., the diagnosis of the “family-children” system. The diagnostic conclusion can serve as a basis for making organizational decisions. Diagnostic methods: questionnaires, conversations, tests aimed at identifying intra-family problems; Pedagogical— is based on the hypothesis of lack of pedagogical competence of parents. The object of the complaint is a child. The consultant, together with the parent, analyzes the situation, outlines a program to improve the pedagogical competence of the parent, focusing on methods of education that are universal in terms of pedagogy and psychology. If the parent himself is the cause of the trouble, then this possibility is not openly considered. Methods for increasing the pedagogical competence of parents: day / week, month / of legal knowledge, parent meetings, lectures, seminars, trainings for parents, speeches by narrow specialists / inspector of the IDN, psychologist, psychoneurologist, inspector for the protection of children's rights /; Social- is used in cases where family trouble is associated with the action of a sociogenic factor. In these cases, in addition to the analysis of the situation and recommendations, it is necessary to intervene by external forces, involving social protection agencies, formalizing guardianship and guardianship, organizing socially significant activities, etc.; Medical- suggests that the basis of family trouble is the illness of one of the family members. The task of counseling is to clarify the diagnosis, treat and adapt healthy family members to the patient. Forms of assistance: social and medical support of the child, interaction with health authorities to solve the problems of treatment and rehabilitation of the child, the system of dispensaries and sanatoriums; Psychological- is used when the causes of the child's ill-being lie in the field of communication, personal characteristics of family members. It involves an analysis of the situation, psychodiagnostics of the personality, diagnostics of the family, psychotraining to solve family problems. Practical assistance consists in overcoming communication barriers, the reasons for their appearance, and the correction of intra-family communications.
Social and pedagogical work is aimed at strengthening and developing, restoring the internal potential of the family to perform its numerous socially significant functions. The ultimate goal of social and pedagogical assistance is that the family overcomes its disorganization and the resulting deviations in the behavior of family members and is able to recognize and independently resolve emerging problems before they worsen. 1 .
Socio-pedagogical assistance to the family is characterized by a focus on the environment. Work is carried out not only with family members, but also with its immediate environment. Social and pedagogical support may be necessary for any family, although to varying degrees. Particularly in need of assistance are passive families (with a focus on dependency, with low mobility and underdevelopment of adaptive abilities). They have little potential of their own to resolve crises.
The implementation of the social policy of the state in relation to the family involves the activities of specialists from social institutions (OVD, KDN, PDN, social protection, guardianship and guardianship authorities, educational institutions, public associations, etc.) in various areas:
promotion of family adaptation to changing socio-economic conditions; improvement of its economic and social situation;
targeted support for low-income and socially vulnerable categories of families;
identifying families with medical and social problems and providing the necessary medical care;
social and legal protection of the family and social rehabilitation of children and adolescents with deviant behavior;
rehabilitation of children from the social risk group;
prevention of neglect and juvenile delinquency;
diagnosing, analyzing and predicting the integral socio-psychological characteristics of family development and its influence on the processes of teaching and raising children (psychological climate, public opinion, sociometric structure, leadership);
assistance in the implementation of the main humanistic approaches to the development and education of the individual in the family: age-related (taking into account age-related characteristics), individual (taking into account individual characteristics), differentiated (taking into account significant criteria of life), personal (reliance on the manifestation of subjectivity, self-awareness);
informing the family about topical social-psychological-pedagogical problems through the work of lecture halls, social-psychological-pedagogical services of various organizations and institutions;
pedagogical and socio-psychological prevention of the emergence and development of deviant behavior and personal destructiveness of family members;
establishing a family connection with other teams, organizations and social institutions that provide resources, support opportunities;
assistance in organizing family leisure, etc.
Each of the above directions has its own potential in solving the problems of the family and society as a whole. Success in solving them largely depends on the creation of a system that includes the family, educational institutions, administrative bodies, state and non-state centers for working with children and adolescents, focused on caring for children, on their upbringing, education, prevention and overcoming deviant behavior. Improving the quality of socio-pedagogical work with the family society is possible with the coordinated activities of all social institutions, while the social teacher must take on the role of coordinator, link between them.
CONCLUSION
So, the family is one of the most ancient social institutions. It arose much earlier than religion, state, army, education, market. The family is the only and indispensable producer of the person himself, the continuation of the family. But, unfortunately, it performs this main function with failures. And it depends not only on her, but also on society. The family arises from the need to satisfy the personal needs and interests of individuals. Being a part of society, it connects them with the public interest. Personal needs are organized on the basis of socially accepted norms, values, patterns of behavior, and it often happens that the unceremonious interference of society in the life of a family destroys it and the life of its constituents, brings it to a beggarly existence.
The reasons for the decline in the birth rate up to the small number of children are generated by the extra-family nature of industrial civilization. They are associated with the loss of families, first of all, of a production function, and then of a number of others (transfer of experience from parents to children, parents' power over children, provision in old age, etc.). Neither the nature of work nor the remuneration for work now depend on the presence of children, nor on the presence of a family in general. Rather, the opposite: small children win in everything before those with many children.
Speaking about the creation by the state of the necessary conditions for the development of the family, it is important to determine the main functions and obligations of the state in relation to the family: the protection of the family, protection from unreasonable interference in its affairs.
In modern conditions, the protection of the family is elevated to the rank of state policy through the guaranteed right to work of every person, every family. The effective use of the labor potential of young families is one of the most important ways of the current stage of the state's social policy. It is the younger generation that is practically the only source of replenishment of the labor force in the state.
An equally important area of strengthening the family is government measures directly aimed at stimulating the birth rate, protecting motherhood and childhood, and maintaining a healthy family. The purpose and expediency of demographic policy is to proportionally combine reproduction, the birth of children and the parents' own life in the family, taking into account the social qualities and harmonious development of the personalities of parents and children.
Kharchev A.G., Matskovsky M.S. Modern family and its problems. M., 1978.
The reproductive function performs two main tasks: social - biological reproduction of the population, and individual - satisfaction of the need for children. It is based on the satisfaction of physiological and sexual needs that encourage people of opposite sexes to unite in a family union. The fulfillment of this function by the family depends on the totality of social relations.
Both adults and children are brought up in the family. Of particular importance is its impact on the younger generation. Therefore, the educational function of the family has three aspects. The first one is the formation of the child's personality, the development of his abilities and interests, the transfer to children by adult family members (mother, father, grandfather, grandmother, etc.) of the social experience accumulated by society, the enrichment of their intellect, aesthetic development, the promotion of their physical improvement, health promotion and development skills of sanitary and hygienic culture. The second aspect - the family has a huge impact on the development of the personality of each of its members throughout his life. The third aspect is the constant influence of children on their parents (and other adult family members), which encourages them to actively engage in self-education.
Performing an economic function, the family provides strong economic ties between its members, supports financially minor and disabled members of society, provides assistance and support to those family members who have material and financial difficulties.
The recovery function is aimed at restoring and strengthening the physical, psychological, emotional and spiritual forces of a person after a hard working day. In a normally functioning society, the realization of this function of the family is facilitated by a reduction in the total duration of the working week, an increase in free time, and an increase in real incomes.
The purpose of the regulatory function is to regulate and streamline relations between the sexes, maintain the family organism in a stable state, ensure the optimal rhythm of its functioning and development, and exercise primary control over the observance by family members of social norms of personal, group and social life.
The family as a social community is the primary element that mediates the connection of the individual with society: it forms the child's idea of social ties and includes him in them from birth. Hence the next most important function of the family is the socialization of the individual.
Sociologists have attached and attach increasing importance to the communicative function of the family.
The leisure function carries out the organization of rational leisure and exercises control in the field of leisure, in addition, it satisfies certain needs of the individual in spending leisure time.
The social status function is associated with the reproduction of the social structure of society, as it provides (transfers) a certain social status to family members.
The emotional function involves obtaining emotional support, psychological protection, as well as emotional stabilization of individuals and their psychological therapy.
The function of spiritual communication involves the development of the personalities of family members, spiritual mutual enrichment.
The sexual function of the family exercises sexual control and is aimed at satisfying the sexual needs of the spouses.
In the 20th century, a decrease in the educational role of the family was found in industrialized, developed countries in connection with the crisis of the family and family lifestyle in the course of certain processes:
the process of nuclearization - the separation of generations in the family, the spread of a nuclear, two-generation family, which consists of parents and children, when they grow up, they move away from their parents;
The process of conjugalization is the reduction of the unity of family life, the unity of "kinship - parenthood - matrimony" to marital partnership and sex, that is, to such relationships that involve the minimization of family-parental ties;
the process of individualization is the shift of the center of communication from joint marriage to forms of extra-family and extra-marital lifestyle.
In the second half of the 20th century, the system of factors associated with the "modernization" of industrialized countries led to a number of negative trends, indicating a deep crisis in the institution of the family. The social order has eliminated the value pillars of family parenthood, extinguishing the desire of the family to have multiple children.
Family crisis processes have been observed in Russia since the late 1960s. They are still observed. Considering the educational role of the family in Russia, one cannot but take into account the global trends in the weakening of the institution of the family. But, the analysis of the educational impact of the Russian family on new generations is complicated by the action of specific factors.
The accelerated urbanization and industrialization of the Russian Federation led to a sharp deformation of the family structure, to the replacement of a three-generation rural family by an urban two-generation family. At the same time, the state-supported transfer of the socializing functions of the family to specialized institutions of upbringing and education (children's preschool institutions, schools, boarding schools, etc.) was of key importance.
The previously unified family authority disintegrated into a number of contradictory "socialization authorities", and underwent a multi-stage splitting. In this regard, a constant source of conflict socialization of youth has been created, which finds various forms in accordance with historical times and changing living conditions. The manifestation of this conflict can be seen in the inconsistency of educational actions - from violation of socio-cultural behavior to social pathology (escape from one's self, suicide, violence, delinquency). Criminal forms of conflict socialization force the creation of institutions for the repeated, forcibly socialization of minors.
All currently known substitutes for family education are targeted, specializing in the goals of raising children. The functioning of organizations with a certain charter and staff is built around these goals, which inevitably leads to the emergence of informal structures that oppose the formal one (in the army - "old men" and "salagas").
Family socialization is devoid of this confrontation between formal and informal structures, since the family is not a target formal organization and intra-family roles include certain rights and obligations in the household and family production.
The splitting of family authority was revealed initially in the breakup of the extended family into a number of nuclear families and in the split of the authority of the head of the extended family into a number of authorities of the heads of nuclear families. Migration from villages to cities, to urban communal apartments, contributed to the separation of adult children and their parents. This contributed to the disruption of the family continuity of generations, the alienation, isolation of new generations from the older ones.
The urbanization of the country contributed to the consolidation of this trend, new cities and towns arose around the factories and combines under construction. Housing constraints have disrupted family ties, leaving the nuclear family surrounded by "foreign" people. This contrasts sharply with the intensity of family-related and neighborly contacts in the countryside, where everyone knows each other. The city, accustoming people to constant contacts in transport, shops, creates a background of alienation of people from each other, the phenomenon of the absence of people when they come into contact. This urban feature is psychologically very dangerous as a basis for criminal behavior. Only the socio-psychological characteristics of the family make it possible to form in the individual the ability to switch from the code of impersonal interaction to the code of personal communication without any deviation from generally accepted norms. The split in family authority, especially sharp in urban families, exacerbates the tendency for the rising generations to behave deviantly among the “strangers”.
A split in family authority also occurs with the destruction of family production as an arena for joint activities of parents and children, as an arena for labor education and the formation of family dynasties according to their professional orientation. In family housekeeping, no one feels like a laborer, a hired hand, and the family authority of parents is strengthened thanks to their professional skills transmitted in the learning process. The absence of a family-wide business deprives family members of the feeling of the master of their lives, self-respect and dignity. Only parents who have free professions, engaged in creativity within the walls of the house, are able to inherit their professional knowledge and skills - only a few in the conditions of capitalist mercenarism are able to create family dynasties of artists, artists, writers, musicians. These few exceptions confirm the great importance of the joint family work of parents and children as a leading factor in the full socialization of offspring and maintaining a high level of family authority.
Another point associated with the disruption of family production by capitalist industrialization is the lengthening of the period of socialization. Many consider the socialization of young people under 25 years of age a sign of progress, in connection with this, the labor education of children is met with hostility, it is declared the exploitation of children. Here are the roots of the prohibitions on labor of minors, even with their parents, since labor is initially thought to be outside the family and is such. As a result, parents are left with the opportunity to prove themselves as educators not in a serious matter, but during recreation and tourism. Delaying study and apprenticeship without real work puts adolescents in the position of under-adults, socially not recognized by adults. The postponement of social recognition sharply opposes the process of acceleration - the accelerated development of physical and sexual education. From here comes a heap of acute social problems of motherhood of minors, sexual permissiveness, group sex. Early marriages as an attempt to acquire the status of socialized adulthood during a period of protracted apprenticeship and, as a result, an increase in divorce due to social unpreparedness for parental roles - all this is a consequence of the gap between social and physical maturity, the lengthening of the socialization period due to the collapse of family authority due to collapse of family business.
Industrialization and the involvement of women in the system of state production lead to another kind of fragmentation of family authority. The employment of mothers outside the home puts mothers and fathers in a competitive position. Instead of the mutually complementary roles of mother and father in the family production system, instead of the unity of parental authority and the unity of parental influence on children and adolescents, the employment of women, which lowers the wages of men, has led to competition between husbands and wives in the labor market. Such conflicts could not but affect the family relations of fathers and mothers, which is the reason for the growth of divorces. The general family authority was fragmented into two parental authorities in opposition. Moreover, there was a decrease in the authority of the father, and an increase in the authority of the mother.
The involvement of women in production took place in the context of the existence of socio-cultural norms for the separation of male and female duties. The collapse of family production affected primarily men, urbanization consolidated the disappearance of those types of domestic work that were performed by men. But women were left with their former domestic roles, most closely associated with the function of motherhood. Hence the dominance of the mother in the household and in the family, complemented by a large pastime of the mother at home in connection with the benefits provided to mothers by the state for the care of children. These benefits gave rise to a kind of system of matriarchy.
The bias of family authority towards the role of the mother is also due to the preponderance of female generations over male generations in the first post-war decade. The spread of single mothers contributed to strengthening the social recognition of alternative families with one parent, the legitimacy of the status of single mothers.
Thus, over the course of several decades, the structure of parental authority inherent in the extended family has radically transformed, narrowing down to the family authority of the nuclear family, which, moreover, is deprived of the labor cooperation of parents and children and burdened with the need for long-term care due to the prolongation of the period of socialization; finally, the narrowed authority of the family turned out to be fragmented into two contradictory authorities of the father and mother, with the strengthening of the latter.
2. STAGES OF SOCIAL WORK WITH THE FAMILY
Sociological Research Program
modern family: characteristics and typology
Substantiation of the research problem.
The most important, one of the components in society is the family. The family is the cell of society. The family is an institution, with its own knowledge, problems and characteristics... Depending on the typology of the family, there is a “mini institution”. The main problems of the study can be the reasons for the breakup of the family, difficulties, psychological barriers that the family faces at different stages of development, and the modern ideology of families. The family is not just a social group, but also a social institution.
Purpose of the study.
On the basis of sociological research, consideration of problems, various situations, develop your point of view on the concept, characteristics and typologies of the modern family.
Object and subject of research.
The object of the study is the concept of the composition of family members, consideration of each participant in family relations, characteristics and typology at different age stages. The subject of the study is the institution of the family, the sociological role in society.
Logical analysis of basic concepts.
Family- a social group that has a historically defined organization, whose members are connected by marriage or kinship (as well as relations to take children into care), common life, mutual moral responsibility and social necessity, which is due to the need of society for the physical and spiritual reproduction of the population.
Family typology - characteristic features inherent in each family individually, adaptation in society, behavior, psychological reflection, etc.
Research hypotheses.
The main hypothesis: family, unit of society, social institution.
Additional hypotheses:
A family is made up of family members.
Each family member is individual.
Each family is individual.
There are family traditions.
A happy family is the key to the future.
Research objectives.
To test the main hypothesis, it is necessary to define the concept of a family, composition. The attitude of society to the problems of the family, to the creation of a family, to the financial side. To test additional hypotheses, identify the typology of the family, individuality and its aspects. Determine the characteristics of family relationships.
Determination of the sample population.
There are results of a sociological survey on the topic: "Characteristics of the family", analysis of family relations, causes of problems of a financial, psychological, physical nature. Consideration of the concept - problem family.
Information collection methods.
Data analysis, statistics from the Center for Research and Family Statistics.
Sociological survey of people of different ages.
For an adequate analysis of the data obtained, it is necessary to take into account the factor of the emotional state of the study participants., age.
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Typology of modern families
Each family chooses its own concept, style, methods and means of education used in education. At the same time, in a number of families, problems have already been laid down from the very beginning, which negatively affect the upbringing of the younger generation. In modern science, there are many typologies of the family, with both positive and negative orientation.
Typology, which is based on the ability of the family to solve the normative and non-normative crises that arise before it:
Families in which the system of interactions is flexible enough, whose members are free to express their feelings and desires, and discuss all emerging problems together, which makes it possible to find new patterns of relationships, to adequately change the family structure.
Families in which the main efforts are aimed at maintaining harmony and unity in front of the outside world, achieved by subordinating the will and desires of all to the will and desires of one (head, leader, etc.) and in which therefore any individual differences are excluded. These families to a large extent need support and protection, but because of their "closedness" to the outside world, it is possible to apply for it only in the event of events that seem to "explode" the boundaries of the family and become known. These can be mental illness, violence against family members, etc.
Families in which interactions are chaotic and based on incessant disputes and conflicts leading to a crisis, and past experience does not serve as a guide for future behavior. These families have a chaotic structure, are poorly organized, conflict and have almost no potential for resolving crisis situations. Therefore, they are most in need of social support.
Typology of the family according to its functional viability.
Families can be conditionally divided into functionally wealthy and functionally insolvent (“risk group”). Among functionally insolvent families, i.e. 50 to 60% of families unable to cope with the upbringing of children are families characterized by unfavorable socio-psychological factors, the so-called conflict families, where spouse relations are chronically aggravated, and pedagogically incompetent families with a low psychological and pedagogical culture of parents, the wrong style of children's parental relationship. A wide variety of incorrect styles of parent-child relationships are observed: rigid-authoritarian, pedantic-suspicious, exhorting, inconsistent, detached-indifferent, condoning-indulgent, etc.
At the same time, there are a significant number of families who are not aware of their problems, the conditions in which are so difficult that they threaten the life and health of children. These are, as a rule, families with criminal risk factors, where parents, due to their antisocial or criminal lifestyle, do not create elementary conditions for raising children, abuse of children and women is allowed, and children and adolescents are involved in criminal and antisocial activities.
Among families with parents incapacitated for various reasons, a significant number are families with minor or student parents, minor single mothers, disabled parents, chronically ill, disabled parents who need both material and socio-psychological assistance and support.
A typology of the family, taking into account the specifics of the desocializing influence exerted by the family on its members.
Families with direct desocializing influence demonstrate antisocial behavior and antisocial orientations, thus acting as institutions of desocialization. These are criminal-immoral families, in which criminal risk factors predominate, and asocial-immoral families, which are characterized by antisocial attitudes and orientations.
Criminal and immoral families pose the greatest danger in terms of their negative impact on children. The life of children in such families due to the lack of elementary care for their maintenance, abuse, drunken brawls, sexual promiscuity of parents is often in jeopardy. These are the so-called social orphans (orphans with living parents), whose upbringing should be entrusted to state public care. Otherwise, the child will experience early vagrancy, runaways from home, complete social vulnerability both from abuse in the family and from the criminalizing influence of criminal formations.
The asocial-immoral type includes families with frankly acquisitive orientations, in which there are no moral norms and restrictions. The situation in these families may look decent, the standard of living is quite high, but spiritual aspirations are replaced by exclusively acquisitive goals with very indiscriminate means to achieve them. Such families also have a desocializing influence on children, directly instilling in them antisocial views and value orientations. This category of families and minors is especially difficult for corrective and preventive work. Despite the negative impact that parents have on children, as a rule, there is no formal reason for taking a decision to remove a child from such families (as in the previous case). Here is a high level of material well-being, a sober lifestyle, the desire of parents to take care of their children.
Families with indirect desocializing influence experience difficulties of a socio-psychological and psychological-pedagogical nature, expressed in violations of marital and parent-child relationships. This includes conflict and pedagogically insolvent families.
A different approach is required by families with indirect desocializing influence - conflicting and pedagogically untenable. In a conflict family, for various psychological reasons, the personal relationships of spouses are built not on the principle of mutual respect and understanding, but on the principle of conflict, alienation. Conflict families can be both noisy, scandalous, where increased tones, irritability become the norm of relations between spouses, and “quiet”, where relations between spouses are characterized by complete alienation, the desire to avoid any interaction. In all cases, a conflict family negatively affects the formation of a child's personality and can cause various asocial manifestations.
The most common are pedagogically incompetent families in which, under relatively favorable conditions (a healthy family atmosphere, leading a correct lifestyle and caring parents), relationships with children are formed incorrectly, serious pedagogical miscalculations are made, leading to various asocial manifestations in the minds and behavior of children. . Pedagogically insolvent and conflict families do not have a direct desocializing effect on children. The formation of antisocial orientations in children occurs because, due to pedagogical errors, a difficult moral and psychological atmosphere, the educational role of the family is lost here, and in terms of the degree of its influence, it begins to yield to other institutions of socialization that play an unfavorable role.
Typology of the family according to the type of educational mistakes.
Families with a condescending and condescending style of upbringing, when parents do not attach importance to the misconduct of children, do not see anything terrible in them, believe that “all children are like that”, that “we ourselves were the same”. In such cases, it can be difficult for a teacher or a psychologist to change the benevolent, self-complacent mood of such parents, to force them to seriously respond to problematic moments in the child's behavior.
Families with a position of circular defense of education build their relationships with others according to the principle "our child is always right." Such parents are very aggressive towards anyone who points out the wrong behavior of their children. Even the commission of a serious crime by a teenager in this case does not sober up fathers and mothers. They continue to look for the perpetrators on the side. Children from such families suffer from particularly severe defects in moral consciousness, they are deceitful and cruel, and it is very difficult to re-educate.
Families with a demonstrative style of upbringing, when parents, more often a mother, do not hesitate to complain to anyone and everyone about their child, tell at every corner about his misdeeds, clearly exaggerating the degree of their danger, say out loud that he is growing up as a “bandit”, etc. . This leads to the loss of shame in the child, a sense of remorse for his actions, removes internal control over his behavior, causes anger towards adults and parents.
Families with a pedantic-suspicious style of upbringing, in which parents do not believe, do not trust their children, subject them to offensive total control, try to completely isolate them from their peers, friends, strive to absolutely control the child's free time, his range of interests, activities, communication.
Families with a rigidly authoritarian parenting style, in which parents abuse physical punishment. The father is more inclined to this style of relationship, striving for every reason to severely beat the child, believing that there is only one effective educational technique - brutal reprisal. Children usually in such cases grow up aggressive, cruel, tend to offend the weak, small, defenseless.
Families with an exhorting style of upbringing, where, in contrast to the rigidly authoritarian style, parents show complete helplessness towards their children, they prefer to exhort, endlessly persuade, explain, without applying any volitional influences and punishments. Children in such families, as they say, "sit on their heads."
Families with detached-indifferent parenting style. This style occurs, as a rule, in families where parents, in particular the mother, are absorbed in the organization of their personal lives. Having remarried, the mother finds neither time nor spiritual strength for her children from her first marriage, she is indifferent both to the children themselves and to their actions. Children are left to their own devices, they feel superfluous, they tend to be at home less, they perceive with pain the indifferently detached attitude of their mother.
Families with upbringing according to the type of "family idol". This attitude often arises in relation to late children, when the long-awaited child is finally born to elderly parents or a single woman. In such cases, they are ready to pray for the child, all his requests and whims are fulfilled, as a result, he develops extreme egocentrism, selfishness, the first victims of which are the parents themselves.
Families with an inconsistent style of upbringing, when parents, especially the mother, do not have enough endurance, self-control to implement consistent educational tactics in the family. There are sharp emotional swings in relations with children - from punishment, tears, abuse to touching and caressing manifestations, which leads to the loss of parental authority. A teenager becomes uncontrollable, unpredictable, neglects the opinion of elders, parents.
Thus, the type of family largely determines the character that will be formed in the child.
| Table of contents |
|---|
| Theoretical Foundations of the Psychology of Education of a Schoolchild. |
| DIDACTIC PLAN |
| The subject of educational psychology |
| The process of education as a psychological problem |
| The Purpose of Educational Psychology |
| Patterns and principles of education |
| Methods of psychology of education |
| Raising a child at various stages of development of society |
| Basic concepts and models of education in the family |
| Typology of modern families |
| Violations of family education |
| Family parenting style and its impact on child development |
| Style of family education of a preschool child |
Despite the fact that the family is the oldest and most widespread social group, most people's knowledge about it is limited only to the division of families into good (prosperous) and bad (unfavorable). However, in order to better navigate the solution of many family problems, such an obviously superficial idea of the varieties (types) of the family, of course, is not enough. The presence of a system of knowledge about the types, forms, types of families and the characteristics of relationships within each model of a marriage union allows you to take a more “professional” look at your own family, and be more attentive to the problems that arise in it. In addition, different types of families function differently in certain areas of family relations. The use of diverse typologies helps to get a more complete, multi-colored picture of the most important characteristics of the family in social and scientific terms: marriage, divorce, fertility, the influence of the family on the upbringing of children, etc.
In addition, in a certain form of a family-marriage union, similar (typical) problems may appear, the presumptive knowledge of which can be a significant help in organizing the necessary social or psychological assistance to such a family.
To date, scientists have not yet been able to compile a complete classification of families due to their diversity among representatives of different cultures. In the list of various forms of modern families, there are more than forty varieties of them. The book gives a family classification, taking into account those models that are common to most cultures and at the same time are widely represented in modern Russian reality. As a basis for the proposed typology, essential criteria are taken that allow one or another form of a family organization to be distinguished, taking into account its structure, dynamics and functions. As you know, there is no family at all. There are specific families: urban and rural, young and old; families belonging to different educational and social groups, etc. The importance of identifying certain types of families is also explained by the fact that, despite the commonality of internal relations, they have their own specifics, due to national, cultural, religious, age, professional and other differences.
The more such groups can be identified, the more thoroughly and scientifically substantiated the family is studied, which, in turn, allows people to avoid many mistakes in building their family life, making it psychologically comfortable and happier.
Each society imposes different requirements on the nature of the relationship between spouses, ways of caring for disabled family members, participation of people in work, organization of life, ensuring the safety of family members, spending leisure time, etc. Depending on whether or not the family observes these requirements, a family union is distinguished by certain features, which naturally affects the family atmosphere as a whole and the psychological well-being of each family member.
The fundamental principle of modern monogamy (monogamy) is patriarchal family, which is characterized by the dominant position of men in family relations.
Initially, the patriarchal family was quite numerous: it included relatives and descendants of one father with their wives, children and relatives, slaves, including concubines. The Latin word "surname" in ancient times meant a set of slaves belonging to one person. Such a family sometimes numbered hundreds of people. In various modifications, the patriarchal family existed among different peoples. In Rus', it took the form of a large family headed by a man, consisting of several generations of close relatives who lived under the same roof and ran a joint household.
During the formation of the capitalist mode of production, the traditional patriarchal nuclear family (from the Latin "nucleus" - the core). For the first time, the name "nuclear" in relation to the family was introduced into scientific use by the American sociologist J.P. Murdoch in 1949. This kind of family consists only of the most necessary members for its education - husband and wife; it can be both childless and include any number of children.
Modern monogamous family may have several types that differ from each other in certain ways.
1. By related structure the family can be nuclear (a married couple with children) and extended (a married couple with children and one of the relatives of the husband or wife living with them in the same household).
2. By number of children : childless (infertile), one-child, small, large family.
3. By structure: with one married couple with or without children; with one married couple with or without children, with one of the parents of the spouses and other relatives; with two or more married couples with or without children, with or without one of the parents of the spouses and other relatives; with mother (father) with children; with mother (father) with children, with one of the parents and other relatives; other families.
4. By composition: incomplete family, separate, simple (nuclear), complex (family of several generations), large family.
5.By geographic feature: urban, rural, remote family (living in hard-to-reach areas and in the regions of the Far North).
6.By homogeneity of social composition : socially homogeneous (homogeneous) families (there is a similar level of education and the nature of professional activity among spouses); heterogeneous (heterogeneous) families: unite people of different levels of education and professional orientation.
7.By family history: newlyweds; young family expecting a baby; family of middle marital age; senior marital age; elderly couples.
8. By type of leading needs , the satisfaction of which determines the characteristics of the social behavior of members of the family group, families with a “physiological” or “naive-consumer” type of consumption (mainly with a food orientation) are singled out; families with an "intellectual" type of consumption, i.e. with a high level of spending on spiritual life; families with an intermediate type of consumption.
9.According to the features of the existing family structure and organization family life: family - "vent" (gives a person communication, moral and material support); family of child-centric type (children are in the center of interests of parents); a family like a sports team or a discussion club (they travel a lot, see a lot, know how, know); a family that puts comfort, health, and order first.
10. By the nature of leisure activities: open families (focused on communication and the cultural industry) and closed families (focused on intra-family leisure).
11.By the nature of the distribution of household duties: families are traditional (duties are mainly performed by a woman) and collectivist (duties are performed jointly or in turn).
12.By headship type (distribution of power) families can be authoritarian and democratic.
authoritarian family characterized by strict, unquestioning subordination of a wife to her husband or a husband to his wife and children to their parents. The husband (and sometimes the wife) is the monopoly head, the despotic master. Democratic family based on mutual respect for family members, on the distribution of family roles in accordance with the needs of a particular situation, with the personal qualities and abilities of the spouses, on the equal participation of each of them in all matters of family life, on the joint adoption of all important decisions.
13. Depending from the special conditions of organizing family life: a student family and a “distant” family (separate residence of marriage partners due to the specifics of the profession of one of them or both: families of sailors, polar explorers, astronauts, geologists, etc.).
14.By the quality of relationships and the atmosphere in the family: prosperous (spouses and other family members highly appreciate each other, the husband’s authority is high, there are practically no conflicts, they have their own traditions and rituals), stable (practically have the same features as prosperous families), pedagogically weak low educational characteristics, preference is given to physical condition and well-being of the child); unstable family (high level of dissatisfaction of both spouses with family life, including their role and position in the family, which leads to unpredictable behavior); disorganized (there is a pronounced lag in family relations from the general level of development of society: drunkenness, archaic relations of rude dictate; there is practically no internal unity and contacts between family members); socially disadvantaged (low cultural level of family members, alcohol consumption by one or both parents); problematic (lack of reciprocity among spouses and inability to cooperate); conflict (the presence of psychological incompatibility among spouses or family members); a disintegrating family union (an excessively aggravated conflict situation in the family, in fact, the marriage has already broken up, but the spouses continue to live together, which is considered the most traumatic source for the child due to the duration of the stressful situation and leads to disturbances in the development of his personality); a broken family (a situation where one of the parents lives separately, but to some extent maintains contacts with the former family and performs some more functions).
2.2 Typology of families
Typology of families - the distribution of families depending on the existence of features of their socio-demographic composition and functions.
Historical types depending on the nature of the distribution of family responsibilities and leadership:
1) a traditional family (its signs are: living together for at least three generations (grandparents, their adult children with spouses, grandchildren); economic dependence of a woman on a man (a man is the owner of property); a clear division of family responsibilities (husband works, wife gives birth and raises children, older children take care of the younger ones, etc.), the head of the family is a man);
2) non-traditional (exploitative) family (its differences from the traditional family: women work on an equal footing with men (women were involved in social work during the transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one); a woman combines work in production with domestic duties (hence the exploitative nature) ;
3) an egalitarian family (family of equals) (distinguished by a fair division of household duties, a democratic nature of relations (all important decisions for the family are made by all its members), emotional richness of relations (a sense of love, mutual responsibility for each other, etc.).
Historical types based on the allocation of a function that prevails in family activities:
1) patriarchal family (the main function is economic and economic: joint management of the economy, mainly of an agrarian type, achievement of economic well-being);
2) child-centric family (the most important function is the upbringing of children, preparing them for independent life in modern society);
3) the married family (its main function is the emotional satisfaction of marriage partners). According to researchers, the latter type, which is not yet widespread in society, characterizes the family of the future.
Typologies for various reasons:
1) depending on the composition of the family: nuclear - parents and children; extended - parents, children and other relatives; incomplete - one of the parents is missing;
2) by stage of the life cycle: young family; family with firstborn; family with teenager family "abandoned nest" (when children grow up and create their own families);
3) by social composition: a family of workers; family of new Russians; student family and others.
The modern family typology is based on the presence and number of married couples in it. The simplest classification is:
Nuclear families, including one married couple with minor children or without children;
Extended families that include more than one married couple, or a married couple and other adult relatives;
Incomplete families that do not have a single married couple.
Thus, the presence of a married couple is not an obligatory feature of a family, since a significant part of families does not include married couples. In the modern world, the absolute majority of families - (about 3/4) - are nuclear; however, the share of incomplete families is constantly growing.
It should be noted that although stable marriage couples as the main form of cohabitation apparently developed a very long time ago, nevertheless, in most societies during many millennia of the late appropriating and early producing economy, the basis of the family structure was not the marriage couple, but the clan. Marriages were also part of the family, but were, as it were, its periphery.
A clan is a social group that has existed for at least several generations, consisting of the direct descendants of a person on the paternal and / or maternal lines, within which marriages are prohibited. The genus has a name, a legendary or real ancestor (“totem”) and symbols of belonging to the genus.
Inheritance of belonging to the genus can occur on the maternal line (matrilineal genus), on the paternal side (patrilineal genus). In patrilineal clans, marriages with relatives on the paternal side are prohibited, in matrilineal families - on the maternal side. Initially, territorial communities were formed on the basis of some sort. The spouses of members of a given genus must necessarily be from another genus. With a matrilineal system of kinship, men left for another community, with a patrilineal system, women.
Many peoples (for example, the Indians of North America in the 19th century, the Slavs in the 5th-6th centuries) used to have large houses, the basis of the population of which were members of the same clan with their spouses. Spouses were not considered full members of the clan, since they belonged to another clan. The population of such houses was a single extended family, including many married couples. However, the main thing in such a family is not the relation of property, as in the modern married family, but the relation of kinship.
It should be noted that the clan is not a biological formation, but a social one, since the prohibition of marriage with relatives on the paternal side did not exclude the combination, for example, with a cousin on the maternal side. The emergence of a clan organization is most likely due to the need to secure property (lands) for a clan group and organize activities for cultivating the land and grazing herds. Genus exogamene - a rule according to which it is forbidden to marry men and women belonging to a given social group.
Endogamy is the rule that all marriages are assumed to occur only within a given social group. Strictly endogamous groups are almost unknown in history. Therefore, endogamy is more of a theoretical abstraction. A more general case is homogamy - preferential marriage within the same social group or category. Endogamy is the extreme case of homogamy. However, the term “endogamy” has been fixed in the literature.
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